Iwan: berrikuspenen arteko aldeak

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19:17, 13 iraila 2019ko berrikusketa

Iwan-a, (persieraz: ایوان‎ eyvan, arabieraz: إيوان‎ Iwan, turkieraz: eyvan ), arkitekturako elementu bat da; arku baten azpian dagoen eremua da; gela edo gune angeluzuzena, oro har gangaduna, hiru alde horma artean dituena, eta laugarrena guztiz irekia.^[1]

Iwanaren sarrerak «pishtaq» du izena, eraikin bateko fatxadatik abiatzen den atarirako persiako terminoa hain zuzen ere, eta, oro har, apaingarriak ditu: kaligrafia banda, beiraztatutako teilak eta diseinu geometrikoak. ^[2] Definizioak berak interpretazio ugari izan ditzake, beraz, forma eta ezaugarri orokorrak asko alda daitezke eskalan, materialean edo dekorazioan.

Iwanak maiz arkitektura islamiarrarekin lotzen dira, hala ere, jatorriz irandarra da eta Mesopotamian garatu zen K.a.ko III. mende inguruan Partia garaian.

Jatorria etxeen eta jauregien arkitekturan du. Dirudienez Sasandar Inperioaren garaian garatu zen eta persiar arkitekturaren funtsezko elementua izaten jarraitu du. Lehendabiziko adibideetako bat Ardashir jauregian dagoena da. Ikuspuntu arkitektoniko batetik, iwanak gela ireki bat izatetik, sarrera apaindu bat izatera aldatu zen, nitxo handi baten modura, eraikin baten aurreko aurre-gune handi baten moduan.

Artikulu hau zirriborroa da. Wikipedia lagun dezakezu edukia osatuz.

Ikusi ere

Notak

↑ La entrada «iwan» (sin acentuar) del Diccionario de Arquitectura y Construcción lo define así: «Elemento de la arquitectura islámica consistente en la construcción de un portal abovedado cerrado por tres lados, mientras que el cuarto, completamente abierto, da a un patio. ». Disponible en línea en: [1]. Consultado el 5 de agosto de 2018.
↑ Pishtaq Britannica.com.

Hainbat irakurgai

Blair, Sheila, and Bloom, Jonathan M., The Art and Architecture of Islam, 1250-1800, 1995, Yale University Press eta Pelican Art of History, ISBN 0300064659
Frankfort, Henri. Antzinako Orientearen Artea eta Arkitektura. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996.

Ingelesezko Wikipediako artikuluak honako bibliografia hau jasotzen du:

Rawson, Jessica, Chinese Ornament: The Lotus and the Dragon, 1984, British Museum Publications, ISBN 0714114316
.

[1] La entrada «iwan» (sin acentuar) del Diccionario de Arquitectura y Construcción lo define así: «Elemento de la arquitectura islámica consistente en la construcción de un portal abovedado cerrado por tres lados, mientras que el cuarto, completamente abierto, da a un patio. ». Disponible en línea en: [1]. Consultado el 5 de agosto de 2018.

[2] Pishtaq Britannica.com.

[1]

[2]

@@ 28. lerroa: / 28. lerroa: @@
 : Ingelesezko Wikipediako artikuluak honako bibliografia hau jasotzen du:
-{{refbegin|32em}}
+<br />
-:*{{Cite aldizkari|last=Bier|first=Lionel|year=1993|title=The Sassanian Palaces and their influence in Early Islam|volume=23|pages=57–66|doi=}}
-:*{{cite book|last=Boas|first=Adrian J.|year=2010|title=Domestic Settings: Sources on Domestic Architecture and Day-to-Day Activities in the Crusader States|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-18272-1|ref=harv}}
-:*{{cite book|last1=Curatola|first1=Giovanni|first2=Gianroberto|last2=Scarcia|year=2004|title=The Art and Architecture of Persia|others=Translated by Marguerite Shore|location=London|publisher=Abbeville Press|isbn=|ref=harv}}
-:*{{cite book|last=Downey|first=Susan B.|year=1988|title=Mesopotamian Religious Architecture: Alexander through the Parthians|location=Princeton, NJ|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9780691035895|ref=harv}}
-:*{{cite book|last=Farrokh|first=Kaveh|year=2007|title=Shadows in the desert: ancient Persia at war|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=1-84603-108-7|ref=harv}}
-:*{{cite book|last1=Gillispie|first1=Charles Coulston|first2=Michel|last2=Dewachter|year=1987|title=Monuments of Egypt: the Napoleonic edition. The Complete Archaeological Plates from ''La Description de l'Egypte''|location=Princeton, NJ|publisher=Princeton Architectural Press|isbn=9780910413213|ref=harv}}
-:*{{Cite aldizkari|last=Godard|first=André|year=1951|title=L'origine de la Madrasa, de la Mosquée et du Caravansérail Àquartre Iwans|volume=15|pages=|doi=}}
-:*{{cite book|last=Keall|first=Edward J.|year=1974|chapter=Some thoughts on the early iwan|pages=123–130|title=Near Eastern Numismatics, Iconography, Epigraphy, and History, Studies in Honor of George C. Miles|editor=Dickran Kouymjian|location=Beirut|publisher=American University of Beirut|ref=harv}}
-:*{{Cite aldizkari|last=Kurz|first=Otto|year=1941|title=The Date of the Ṭāq i Kisrā|volume=73|pages=37-41|doi=10.1017/S0035869X00093138}}
-:*{{Cite aldizkari|last=Najm|first=Ra'ef|year=2001|title=Islamic architectural character of Jerusalem: with special description of the al-Aqṣā and the Dome of the Rock|volume=40|pages=721–734}}
-:*{{cite book|last=Rabbat|first=Nasser O.|year=1989|title=The Citadel of Cairo: a New Interpretation of Royal Mamluk Architecture|location=Geneva|publisher=AKTC|isbn=|ref=harv}}
 :*[[Jessica Rawson|Rawson, Jessica]], ''Chinese Ornament: The Lotus and the Dragon'', 1984, British Museum Publications, {{ISBN|0714114316}}
-:*{{cite book|last=Reade|first=Julian|year=1999|chapter=|title=The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient world The Great Monuments and How they were Built|editor=Christopher Scarre|publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=0-500-05096-1|ref=harv}}
+:*{{cite book|last=Reade|first=Julian|year=1999|chapter=|title=The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient world The Great Monuments and How they were Built|editor=Christopher Scarre|publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=|ref=harv|hizkuntza=|izenburua=|urtea=|abizena=|izena=|orrialdeak=|orrialdea=|argitaletxea=|ISBN=}}
-:*{{cite book|last=Sitwell|first=Sacheverell|year=1957|title=Arabesque and Honeycomb|publisher=Robert Hale|ref=harv}}
-:*{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=W. Stevenson|first2=William Kelly|last2=Simpson|year=1998|title=The Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt|location=New Haven, CT|publisher=Yale University Press|series=Pelican history of art|volume=14|isbn=9780300077476|ref=harv}}
-:*{{Cite aldizkari|last=Upton|first=Joseph M.|year=1932|title=The Expedition to Ctesiphon, 1931–1932|volume=27|pages=188–197|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/pubs/bulletins/1/pdf/3255274.pdf.bannered.pdf}}
-:*{{cite book|last1=Warren|first1=John|first2=Ihsan|last2=Fethi|year=1982|title=Traditional Houses in Baghdad|publisher=Coach Publishing House|isbn=9780902608016|ref=harv}}
-:*{{cite book|last=Wright|first=G.&nbsp;R.&nbsp;H.|year=1992|title=Ancient building in Cyprus|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-09547-0|ref=harv}}
-{{refend}}{{refbegin|32em}}
-:*{{cite journal|last=Bier|first=Lionel|year=1993|title=The Sassanian Palaces and their influence in Early Islam|journal=Ars Orientalis|volume=23|issue=|pages=57–66|doi=|ref=harv}}
-:*{{cite book|last=Boas|first=Adrian J.|year=2010|title=Domestic Settings: Sources on Domestic Architecture and Day-to-Day Activities in the Crusader States|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-18272-1|ref=harv}}
-:*{{cite book|last1=Curatola|first1=Giovanni|first2=Gianroberto|last2=Scarcia|year=2004|title=The Art and Architecture of Persia|others=Translated by Marguerite Shore|location=London|publisher=Abbeville Press|isbn=|ref=harv}}
-:*{{cite book|last=Downey|first=Susan B.|year=1988|title=Mesopotamian Religious Architecture: Alexander through the Parthians|location=Princeton, NJ|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9780691035895|ref=harv}}
-:*{{cite book|last=Farrokh|first=Kaveh|year=2007|title=Shadows in the desert: ancient Persia at war|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=1-84603-108-7|ref=harv}}
-:*{{cite book|last1=Gillispie|first1=Charles Coulston|first2=Michel|last2=Dewachter|year=1987|title=Monuments of Egypt: the Napoleonic edition. The Complete Archaeological Plates from ''La Description de l'Egypte''|location=Princeton, NJ|publisher=Princeton Architectural Press|isbn=9780910413213|ref=harv}}
-:*{{cite journal|last=Godard|first=André|year=1951|title=L'origine de la Madrasa, de la Mosquée et du Caravansérail Àquartre Iwans|journal=Ars Islamica|volume=15|pages=|doi=|ref=harv}}
-:*{{cite book|last=Keall|first=Edward J.|year=1974|chapter=Some thoughts on the early iwan|pages=123–130|title=Near Eastern Numismatics, Iconography, Epigraphy, and History, Studies in Honor of George C. Miles|editor=Dickran Kouymjian|location=Beirut|publisher=American University of Beirut|ref=harv}}
-:*{{cite journal|last=Kurz|first=Otto|year=1941|title=The Date of the Ṭāq i Kisrā|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=73|issue=1|pages=37-41|doi=10.1017/S0035869X00093138|ref=harv}}
-:*{{cite journal|last=Najm|first=Ra'ef|year=2001|title=Islamic architectural character of Jerusalem: with special description of the al-Aqṣā and the Dome of the Rock|journal=Islamic Studies|volume=40|issue=3|pages=721–734|jstor=20837154|ref=harv}}
-:*{{cite book|last=Rabbat|first=Nasser O.|year=1989|title=The Citadel of Cairo: a New Interpretation of Royal Mamluk Architecture|location=Geneva|publisher=AKTC|isbn=|ref=harv}}
-:*[[Jessica Rawson|Rawson, Jessica]], ''Chinese Ornament: The Lotus and the Dragon'', 1984, British Museum Publications, {{ISBN|0714114316}}
-:*{{cite book|last=Reade|first=Julian|year=1999|chapter=|title=The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient world The Great Monuments and How they were Built|editor=Christopher Scarre|publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=0-500-05096-1|ref=harv}}
-:*{{cite book|last=Sitwell|first=Sacheverell|year=1957|title=Arabesque and Honeycomb|publisher=Robert Hale|ref=harv}}
-:*{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=W. Stevenson|first2=William Kelly|last2=Simpson|year=1998|title=The Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt|location=New Haven, CT|publisher=Yale University Press|series=Pelican history of art|volume=14|isbn=9780300077476|ref=harv}}
-:*{{cite journal|last=Upton|first=Joseph M.|year=1932|title=The Expedition to Ctesiphon, 1931–1932|journal=The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin|volume=27|issue=8|pages=188–197|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/pubs/bulletins/1/pdf/3255274.pdf.bannered.pdf|ref=harv}}
-:*{{cite book|last1=Warren|first1=John|first2=Ihsan|last2=Fethi|year=1982|title=Traditional Houses in Baghdad|publisher=Coach Publishing House|isbn=9780902608016|ref=harv}}
-:*{{cite book|last=Wright|first=G.&nbsp;R.&nbsp;H.|year=1992|title=Ancient building in Cyprus|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-09547-0|ref=harv}}
-{{refend}}
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