Fitxategi:Menilite opal nodule (Upper Miocene; Pantano Camarillas, Agramón, Spain) 1.jpg
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Laburpena
DeskribapenaMenilite opal nodule (Upper Miocene; Pantano Camarillas, Agramón, Spain) 1.jpg |
English: Menilite opal nodule from the Miocene of Spain. (~4.3 centimeters across at its widest)
A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties. At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical. Currently, there are over 5600 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common. Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry. Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates. The silicates are the most abundant and chemically complex group of minerals. All silicates have silica as the basis for their chemistry. "Silica" refers to SiO2 chemistry. The fundamental molecular unit of silica is one small silicon atom surrounded by four large oxygen atoms in the shape of a triangular pyramid - this is the silica tetrahedron - SiO4. Each oxygen atom is shared by two silicon atoms, so only half of the four oxygens "belong" to each silicon. The resulting formula for silica is thus SiO2, not SiO4. Opal is hydrous silica (SiO2·nH2O). Technically, opal is not a mineral because it lacks a crystalline structure. Opal is supposed to be called a mineraloid. Opal is made up of extremely tiny spheres that can be seen with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Gem-quality opal, or precious opal, has a wonderful rainbow play of colors (opalescence). This play of color is the result of light being diffracted by planes of voids between large areas of regularly packed, same-sized opal colloids. Different opalescent colors are produced by colloids of differing sizes. If individual colloids are larger than 140 x 10 -6 mm in size, purple and blue and green colors are produced. Once colloids get as large as about 240 x 10 -6 mm, red color is seen (Carr et al., 1979). Not all opals have the famous play of colors - common opal has a waxy luster and is often milky whitish. Opal is moderately hard (H = 5 to 6), has a white streak, and breaks with conchoidal fracture. Several groups of organisms make skeletons of opaline silica, for example hexactinellid sponges, diatoms, radiolarians, silicoflagellates, and ebridians. Some organisms incorporate opal into their tissues, for example horsetails/scouring rushes and sawgrass. Sometimes, fossils are preserved in opal or precious opal. The Spanish specimen seen here is known as "menilite" opal - it is a composite nodule (two have fused together) with a dull luster. The opal composition is due to its young age. Geologically juvenile opal nodules will eventually be altered to chert / flint. Geologic context: lacustrine diatomites, Upper Miocene (Tortonian to Messinian Stages); Camarillas Basin, Prebetic Zone Locality: Pantano Camarillas, near Agramón, southeastern Spain Photo gallery of opal: www.mindat.org/gallery.php?min=3004 Photo gallery of menilite opal: www.mindat.org/gallery.php?min= 9796 Reference cited: Carr et al. (1979) - Andamooka opal fields: the geology of the precious stones field and the results of the subsidised mining program. Geological Survey of South Australia Department of Mines and Energy Report of Investigations 51. 68 pp. |
Data | |
Jatorria | https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/51021211561/ |
Egilea | James St. John |
Lizentzia
- Askea zara:
- partekatzeko – lana kopiatzeko, banatzeko eta bidaltzeko
- birnahasteko – lana moldatzeko
- Ondorengo baldintzen pean:
- eskuduntza – Egiletza behar bezala aitortu behar duzu, lizentzia ikusteko esteka gehitu, eta ea aldaketak egin diren aipatu. Era egokian egin behar duzu hori guztia, baina inola ere ez egileak zure lana edo zure erabilera babesten duela irudikatuz.
This image was originally posted to Flickr by James St. John at https://flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/51021211561. It was reviewed on 2021ko martxoaren 11 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
2021ko martxoaren 11
Fitxategi honetan agertzen diren itemak
honako hau irudikatzen du
captured with ingelesa
Canon PowerShot D10 ingelesa
9 martxoa 2021
exposure time ingelesa
0.01666666666666666666 segundo
f-number ingelesa
10
9,681 milimetro
ISO speed ingelesa
80
media type ingelesa
image/jpeg
Fitxategiaren historia
Data/orduan klik egin fitxategiak orduan zuen itxura ikusteko.
Data/Ordua | Iruditxoa | Neurriak | Erabiltzailea | Iruzkina | |
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oraingoa | 23:12, 11 martxoa 2021 | 2.724 × 1.762 (1,86 MB) | Ser Amantio di Nicolao | Uploaded a work by James St. John from https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/51021211561/ with UploadWizard |
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Metadatuak
Fitxategi honek informazio gehigarri dauka, ziurrenik kamera digital edo eskanerrak egiterako momentuan gehitutakoa. Hori dela-eta, jatorrizko fitxategi hori aldatu egin bada, baliteke xehetasun batzuek errealitatearekin bat ez egitea.
Kameraren fabrikatzailea | Canon |
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Kamera mota | Canon PowerShot D10 |
Esposizio denbora | 1/60 s (0,016666666666667) |
F Zenbakia | f/10 |
Datuen sorreraren data eta ordua | 19:02, 9 martxoa 2021 |
Lentearen fokatze luzera | 9,681 mm |
Zabalera | 4.000 px |
Altuera | 3.000 px |
Bit osagaiko |
|
Pixelen konposaketa | GBU (RGB) |
Orientazioa | Arrunta |
Atal kopurua | 3 |
Bereizmen horizontala | 180 dpi |
Bereizmen bertikala | 180 dpi |
Erabilitako softwarea | Adobe Photoshop Elements 18.0 (Macintosh) |
Fitxategi aldaketaren data eta ordua | 20:12, 9 martxoa 2021 |
Y eta Cren kokatzea | Gune partekatua |
ISO abiadura | 80 |
Exif bertsioa | 2.21 |
Digitalizazioaren data eta ordua | 19:02, 9 martxoa 2021 |
Osagai bakoitzaren esanahia |
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Irudi konpresio mota | 3 |
APEX argazkiaren itxiera-abiadura | 5,90625 |
Irekiera | 6,65625 |
Esposizio biasa | −0,66666666666667 |
Gehienezko landa irekiera | 3,625 APEX (f/3,51) |
Distantzia-neurtze modua | Eredua |
Flash | Flasharekin, flashak derrigorrez bota du argia, begi-gorriak kentzeko modua |
Gaitutako Flashpix bertsioa | 1 |
Kolore tartea | sRGB |
Plano fokalaren X erresoluzioa | 16.460,905349794 |
Plano fokalaren Y erresoluzioa | 16.483,516483516 |
Plano fokalaren erresoluzio unitatea | hazbete |
Sensorearen metodoa | Txip bakarreko kolorezko eremu sentsorea |
Fitxategiaren jatorria | Argazki kamera digitala |
Irudien prozesamendu pertsonalizatua | Prozesu arrunta |
Esposaketa mota | Eskuzko esposizioa |
Txurien oreka | Zurien balantze automatikoa |
Zoom digitalaren eskala | 1 |
Eskena hartze mota | Arrunta |
Erabilitako lentea | 6.2-18.6 mm |
Datuaren metadata azken aldiz aldatu da | 15:12, 9 martxoa 2021 |
Jatorrizko dokumentuaren ID bakarra | 5DBC3F9E3B9AF3B454327ED10CA3EF0F |