Nigeriako Gerra Zibila-en iturria ikusi

{{Gerra infotaula
| izena = Nigeriako Gerra Zibila
| guda = [[Gerra Hotza]]
| frontea = 
| irudia = [[Fitxategi:Biafra_independent_state_map-en.svg|300px]]
| oina = Biafrako Errepublika independentea 1967ko ekainean
| data = {{data|1967|7|6}}–{{data|1970|1|15}}
| lekua = [[Biafra]]
| koordenatuak =
| lurraldea = 
| emaitza = Nigeriarren garaipena
| egoera = 
| gudulari1 = {{bandera|Nigeria}}<br />[[Fitxategi:Flag of United Arab Republic.svg|20px]] [[Arabiar Errepublika Batua]] <small>(aireko laguntza)</small><ref name="litencyc.com">{{erreferentzia|url=http://www.litencyc.com/theliterarymagazine/biafra.php|izenburua=The Literary Magazine - the Biafra War and the Age of Pestilence by Herbert Ekwe Ekwe|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{erreferentzia|izenburua= Shadows : Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria 1967–1970 |izena= Michael I.|abizena= Draper |ISBN= 1-902109-63-5}}</ref><br />{{collapsible list
|title = Laguntza:
|{{bandera|Ameriketako Estatu Batuak}}<ref>https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/e5/c15646.htm</ref>
|{{bandera|Erresuma Batua}}
|{{bandera|Sobietar Batasuna|1955}}
|{{bandera|Bulgaria|1967}}<ref>{{erreferentzia|izenburua= Nigeria Since Independence: The First Twenty-five Years : International Relations|urtea= 1980 |orrialdea= 204}}</ref>
|{{bandera|Etiopiako Inperioa}}<ref>{{erreferentzia|abizena1=Sadleman |izena1=Stephen |izenburua=The Ties That Divide |urtea=2000 |orrialdea=86 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=_8UzCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA87&lpg=PA87&dq=ethiopia+and+biafra&source=bl&ots=4xCeCvLUbX&sig=uF2JRMM_Lbqn7exOcswLoZDMe90&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiK9-2cocXbAhVLL6wKHVMLB404ChDoAQgmMAA#v=onepage&q=ethiopia%20support&f=false |hizkuntza=en}}</ref>
|{{bandera|Senegal|1960}}
|{{bandera|Somalia}}
|{{bandera|Sierra Leona|1967}}
|{{bandera|Kamerun|1961}}
|{{bandera|Niger}}
|{{bandera|Aljeria|1968}}
|{{bandera|Siria|1963}}
|{{bandera|Saudi Arabia|1938}}<ref>{{erreferentzia|izenburua= The Roots and Consequences of Civil Wars and Revolutions: Conflicts that Changed World History|izena= Spencer C. |abizena=Tucker |ISBN=9781440842948}}</ref>
}}
| gudulari2 = {{bandera|Biafra}}<br />{{collapsible list
| title = Laguntza:
|{{bandera|Frantzia}}<ref name="africamasterweb.com">{{erreferentzia|url=http://www.africamasterweb.com/BiafranWarCauses.html|izenburua=The Biafran War, Nigerian History, Nigerian Civil War}}</ref>
|{{bandera|Israel}}<ref>{{erreferentzia|url=https://unitedwithisrael.org/biafran-airlift-israels-secret-mission-to-save-lives/ |izenburua= Biafran Airlift: Israel’s Secret Mission to Save Lives|argitaletxea= Press, Eitan |egilea=United With Israel|data= 2013-10-13|hizkuntza=en}}</ref>
|{{bandera|Portugal}}<ref>{{erreferentzia|izenburua=The USSR in Third World Conflicts: Soviet Arms and Diplomacy in Local Wars 1945–1980|urtea= 1986|orrialdea= 91}}</ref>
|{{bandera|Hegoafrika|1928}}
|{{bandera|Rhodesia}}<ref>{{erreferentzia|egilea=Griffin |izenburua= French military policy in the Nigerian Civil War|urtea= 2015|orrialdea=122}}</ref>
|{{bandera|Haiti|1964}}<ref name="africamasterweb.com"/>
|{{bandera|Italia}}
|{{bandera|Egoitza Santua}} <ref name="blackpast">{{erreferentzia|url=http://www.blackpast.org/gah/republic-biafra-1967-1970|izenburua=Republic of Biafra 1967-1970}}</ref>
|{{bandera|Txina}}
|{{bandera|Jugoslavia}}
|{{bandera|Kanada}}
|{{bandera|Gabon}}<ref name="africamasterweb.com"/>
|{{bandera|Boli Kosta}}<ref name="africamasterweb.com"/>
|{{bandera|Mendebaldeko Alemania}}<ref name="africamasterweb.com"/>
|{{bandera|Tanzania}}<ref>{{erreferentzia|izena= Malcolm |abizena= MacDonald|izenburua=Bringing an End to Empire|urtea= 1995|orrialdea=416}}</ref>
}}
| komandante1 = {{banderaikur|Nigeria}} [[Yakubu Gowon]]<br />{{banderaikur|Nigeria}} [[Murtala Mohammed]]<br />{{banderaikur|Nigeria}} [[Benjamin Adekunle]]<br />{{banderaikur|Nigeria}} [[Olusegun Obasanjo]]<br />{{banderaikur|Nigeria}} [[Mohammed Shuwa]]<br />{{banderaikur|Nigeria}} [[E.A. Etuk]]<br />{{banderaikur|Nigeria}} [[Shehu Musa Yar'Adua]]<br />{{banderaikur|Nigeria}} [[Theophilus Danjuma]]<br />{{banderaikur|Nigeria}} [[Ibrahim Haruna]]<br />{{banderaikur|Nigeria}} [[Ipoola Alani Akinrinade]]<br />{{banderaikur|Nigeria}} [[Ted Hamman]]†<br />{{banderaikur|Nigeria}} [[Muhammadu Buhari]]<br />{{banderaikur|Nigeria}} [[Ibrahim Babangida]]<br />{{banderaikur|Nigeria}} [[Isaac Adaka Boro]]†<br />{{banderaikur|Nigeria}} [[Idris Garba]]<br />{{banderaikur|Egipto|1958}} Mustafa Shalaby El Hennawy
| komandante2 = {{banderaikur|Biafra}} [[Odumegwu Ojukwu]]<br />{{banderaikur|Biafra}} [[Philip Effiong]]<br />{{banderaikur|Biafra}} [[Alexander Madiebo]]<br />{{banderaikur|Biafra}} [[Albert Okonkwo]]<br />{{banderaikur|Biafra}} [[Victor Banjo]] [[Fitxategi:Skull and crossbones.svg|14px|link=Heriotza zigorra]]<br />{{banderaikur|Biafra}} [[Ogbugo Kalu]]<br />{{banderaikur|Biafra}} [[Joseph Achuzie]]<br />{{banderaikur|Biafra}} [[Azum Asoya]]<br />{{banderaikur|Biafra}} [[Mike Inveso]]<br />{{banderaikur|Biafra}} [[Timothy Onwuatuegwu]]†<br />{{banderaikur|Biafra}}{{banderaikur|Mendebaldeko Alemania}} [[Rolf Steiner]]<br />{{banderaikur|Biafra}} [[Festus Akagha]]<br />{{banderaikur|Biafra}}{{banderaikur|Kanada}} [[Lynn Garrison]]<br />{{banderaikur|Biafra}} [[Taffy Williams]]<br />{{banderaikur|Biafra}} [[Jonathan Uchendu]]<br />{{banderaikur|Biafra}} [[Ogbo Oji]]<br />{{banderaikur|Biafra}} [[Humphrey Chukwuka]]<br />{{banderaikur|Biafra}} [[H.M. Njoku]]
| indarra1 = 85.000-150.000 (1967)<br />200.000-250.000 (1970)
| indarra2 = 10.000-100.000 (1967)<br />50.000-100.000 (1970)
| galera1 = 
| galera2 = 
| galera3 =45.000-100.000 militar hildako<br /> 500.000-3.000.000 zibil hildako<br />500.000-3.000.000 errefuxiatu
| oharra = 
}}
'''Nigeriako Gerra Zibila''' - arruntean '''Biafrako Gerra''' deitua - [[1967]]ko [[uztailaren 7]]tik [[1970]]eko [[urtarrilaren 15]]era artean [[Nigeria]]ko gobernua eta [[Biafra]]ko estatu sezesionista artean izandako gatazkari ematen zaion izena da. Biafra [[igbo]] herriaren aldarrikapen nazionalista izan zen, iparraldetik zuzendutako gobernu federalak zapalduta zegoena. Nigeriaren deskolonizazioak 1960 eta 1963 artean eragindako tirabira politiko, ekonomiko, etniko, kultural eta erlijiosoek gatazka sortu zuten baina 1966ko [[estatu-kolpe]]ak, kontraerasoak eta iparraldeko Nigerian bizi ziren igboen aurkako pogromak zuzeneko txinpartak izan ziren. Gainera [[Nigerren delta]]ko [[petrolio]] ustiapenak garrantzi estrategikoa izan zuen.

Handik urtebetera, gobernu federalak Biafra inguratu, petrolioaren azpiegituraz arduratu eta [[Port Harcourt]] hiria hartu zuen. Blokeoak [[gosete]]a eragin zuen eta, gerran zehar, 100.000 militar hiltzeaz gain 500.000 eta 2 milioi arteko briafar zibil ere gosez hil ziren.<ref>{{erreferentzia|url=http://www1.american.edu/TED/ice/BIAFRA.HTM|izenburua=ICE Case Studies: The Biafran War|urtea=1997|egilea=American University: ICE Case Studies|argitaletxea=American University}}</ref>

1968. urterako, elikatu gabeko briafar irudiak [[Mendebaldea (kultura)|mendebaldeko]] hedabideetan zabaldu eta ''[[cause célèbre]]'' bilakatu zen, [[gobernuz kanpoko erakunde]]ek emari asko lortuz. [[Erresuma Batua]]k eta [[Sobietar Batasuna]]k [[Lagos]]ko gobernua babestu zuten; [[Frantzia]]k, [[Israel]]ek eta beste herrialdeek, berriz, Biafraren alde egin zuten. Egungo Nigeriak oraindik gerraren ondorioak pairatzen ditu. 

== Erreferentziak ==
{{erreferentzia_zerrenda}}

== Bibliografia ==

* Baxter, Peter (2015). Biafra: The Nigerian Civil War 1967-1970. Helion and Company. <nowiki>ISBN 9781910777473</nowiki>.
* Achebe, Chinua. There Was a Country, by Chinua Achebe; Penguin Press, 2012. (<nowiki>ISBN 978-1-59420-482-1</nowiki>)
* Chant, Christopher. Warfare of the 20th Century. Chartwell Books, 1988. Ibadan University Press, 1974.
* Daly, Samuel Fury Childs. A History of the Republic of Biafra: Law, Crime, and the Nigerian Civil War, (Cambridge University Press, 2020) online review
* Diamond, Larry. Class, Ethnicity and Democracy in Nigeria: The Failure of the First Republic. Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan Press, 1988. <nowiki>ISBN 0-333-39435-6</nowiki>
* Draper, Michael I. Shadows : Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria 1967–1970. <nowiki>ISBN 1-902109-63-5</nowiki>
* Dudley, Billy. Instability and Political Order: Politics and Crisis in Nigeria
* Ejibunu, Hassan Tai: Nigeria's Delta Crisis: Root Causes and Peacelessness – EPU Research Papers: Issue 07/07, Stadtschlaining 2007
* Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. The Biafra War: Nigeria and the Aftermath. African Studies, Volume 17. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 1990. <nowiki>ISBN 0-88946-235-6</nowiki>
* Griffin, Christopher (2015). "French military policy in the Nigerian Civil War, 1967–1970". Small Wars & Insurgencies. 26 (1): 114–135. doi:10.1080/09592318.2014.959766. S2CID 143967690.
* Heerten, Lasse; Moses, A. Dirk (2014). "The Nigeria–Biafra war: postcolonial conflict and the question of genocide". Journal of Genocide Research. 16 (2–3): 169–203. doi:10.1080/14623528.2014.936700.
* Jowett, Philip S. (2016). Modern African Wars (5). The Nigerian-Biafran War 1967–70. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. <nowiki>ISBN 9781472816092</nowiki>.
* Kirk-Greene, A.H.M. The Genesis of the Nigerian Civil War and the Theory of Fear. Scandinavian Institute of African Studies. Research Report No. 27. Uppsala Offset Centre AB, 1975. <nowiki>ISBN 91-7106-085-5</nowiki>
* Levey, Zach. "Israel, Nigeria and the Biafra civil war, 1967–70". Journal of Genocide Research 2–3, 2014.
* Madiebo, Alexander A. The Nigerian Revolution and the Biafran War. Fourth Dimension Publishers, 1980.
* Njoku, H. M. A Tragedy Without Heroes: The Nigeria—Biafra War. Enugu: Fourth Dimension Publishing Co., Ltd., 1987. <nowiki>ISBN 978-156-238-2</nowiki>
* Obe, Peter Nigeria - A decade of crisis in pictures. Peter Obe Photo Agency, Lagos, 1971.
* Ojiaku, Chief Uche Jim. Surviving the Iron Curtain: A Microscopic View of What Life Was Like, Inside a War-Torn Region. 2007. <nowiki>ISBN 1-4241-7070-2</nowiki>; <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4241-7070-8</nowiki>
* Olawoyin, James Alabi Olabisi. "Historical Analysis of Nigeria–Biafra Conflict". Master of Laws thesis accepted at York University (Toronto, Ontario), October 1971.
* O'Sullivan, Kevin (2014). "Humanitarian encounters: Biafra, NGOs and imaginings of the Third World in Britain and Ireland, 1967–70". Journal of Genocide Research. 16 (2–3): 299–315. doi:10.1080/14623528.2014.936706. hdl:10379/6616. S2CID 71299457.
* Pierri, Bruno (2013). "A New Entry into the World Oil Market: Nigeria and Its Relations with the Atlantic Powers, 1967–1973". Eunomia. Rivista Semestrale di Storia e Politica Internazionali. 1 (2).
* Stevenson, John Allen. "Capitol Gains: How Foreign Military Intervention and the Elite Quest for International Recognition Cause Mass Killing in New States". Political science PhD dissertation, accepted at University of Chicago, December 2014.
* Stremlau, John J. (2015). The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 9781400871285</nowiki>.
* Uche, Chibuike. "Oil, British Interests and the Nigerian Civil War". Journal of African History 49, 2008.
* Vidal, João M. (September–October 1996). "Texans in Biafra: T-6Gs in Use in the Nigerian Civil War". Air Enthusiast (65): 40–47. ISSN 0143-5450.
* Zumbach, Jan. On Wings of War: My Life as a Pilot Adventurer.

== Kanpo estekak ==
{{autoritate kontrola}}

{{Gerra Hotza}}
{{historia zirriborroa|Nigeria}}

[[Kategoria:Gerra Hotza]]
[[Kategoria:Nigeriako historia]]
[[Kategoria:1960ko hamarkadako gatazkak]]
[[Kategoria:1970eko gatazkak]]
[[Kategoria:Gerra zibilak]]
[[Kategoria:Biafra]]
[[Kategoria:Proxy gerrak]]
[[Kategoria:Gerra zibil etnikoak]]