Wrocław-en iturria ikusi

{{hiri infotaula}}

'''Wrocław'''<ref>{{Erreferentzia|url=https://www.euskaltzaindia.eus/dok/arauak/Araua_0157.pdf|egilea=[[Euskaltzaindia]]|izenburua= 157. araua: Europako hiriak}}</ref> ([ˈvrɔt͡swaf] {{ahoskera|Pl-Wrocław-2.ogg}}, {{lang-de|Breslau}}) [[Polonia]]ko hego-mendebaldeko hiria eta [[Silesia Behereko voivoderria|Silesia Behereko voivoderriko]] hiriburua da. [[Oder]] ibaiaren ertzean dago. [[2010]]ean, 632.996 biztanle zituen.

Trenbide gune garrantzitsua da. Administrazioa, merkataritza eta industria (metalurgia, kimika, ehungintza, tresneria elektrikoa eta mekanikoa) dira ekonomia jarduera nagusiak. Monumentu ugari ditu, gehienak [[Bigarren Mundu Gerra]]ren ondoren berrituak: San Joan Bataiatzailearen katedrala, XIII-XIV. mendeetako eliza gotikoak eta XVIII. mendeko unibertsitate barrokoa.

== Historia ==
Poloniaren mende egon zen [[X. mendea|X. mendetik]] aurrera. [[1241]]. urtean, [[mongol]]ek hustu zuten eta alemaniarrek konkistatu eta berriro eraiki ondoren, Bohemiako etxearen mende egon zen [[1335]]. urtetik aurrera. [[1526]]. urtean [[Habsburgo]]tarren esku zegoen eta [[1742]]. urtean, Silesiako lurralde gehienak bezala, [[Prusiako Erresuma|Prusiari]] lotu zitzaion. Kalte handiak jasan zituen bi mundu gerretan.
[[Fitxategi:Breslau_Ring_Ostseite_(1890-1900).jpg|thumb|Merkatuaren kalea (1890-1900)]]
== Garraioa ==
Hiriko hegoaldeak A8 autobidera du sarbide zuzena, [[Berlin]], [[Dresden|Dresde]], [[Krakovia]] eta [[Silesia Garaia]]rekin lotzen duena. Bestalde, A8 autobideak — "Wrocławeko eraztuna" deitua — mendebaldea zeharkatzen du; A4-ak iparraldea lotzen du [[Poznań]], [[Bydgoszcz]]ekin, eta S8-ak [[Oleśnica]], [[Łódź]], [[Varsovia]] eta [[Bialystok|Białystok]] hiri poloniarrekin.

Wrocławeko aireportuak [[Wrocław-Koperniko aireportua|Nikolas Koperniko]] du izena. Hiriko autobus zerbitzu publikoak aireportua hiriarekin lotzen du, egunez, 406 linearen bidez eta gauez, ordea, 249 linearen bidez. Aireportuaz gain, ibai-portua dago, [[Oder]] ibaian.

Hiri barruko garraio publikoari dagokionez, ''Miejskie Przedsiębiorstwo Komunikacyjne - MPK'' (Udal Garraio Enpresa) konpainiak autobus lineak eta 22 [[tranbia]] linea kudeatzen ditu. Tiketak kioskoetan eta autobus eta tranbia geralekuetako salmenta makina automatikoetan eros daitezke.

== Klima ==
{{Klima
|location =  [[Wrocław]] ([[Wrocław-Koperniko aireportua|Koperniko aireportua]]), 1981-2010 bataz bestekoak
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 16.3
| Feb record high C = 19.7
| Mar record high C = 25.2
| Apr record high C = 32.0
| May record high C = 33.9
| Jun record high C = 38.0
| Jul record high C = 37.9
| Aug record high C = 38.9
| Sep record high C = 35.3
| Oct record high C = 26.6
| Nov record high C = 22.0
| Dec record high C = 17.7
| Jan high C = 2.4
| Feb high C = 3.9
| Mar high C = 8.4
| Apr high C = 14.4
| May high C = 19.6
| Jun high C = 22.2
| Jul high C = 24.6
| Aug high C = 24.3
| Sep high C = 19.3
| Oct high C = 14.0
| Nov high C = 7.4
| Dec high C = 3.2
|year high C =  13.6
| Jan low C = −4.2
| Feb low C = −3.5
| Mar low C = −0.4
| Apr low C = 3.2
| May low C = 7.9
| Jun low C = 11.2
| Jul low C = 13.1
| Aug low C = 12.5
| Sep low C = 8.9
| Oct low C = 4.7
| Nov low C = 0.4
| Dec low C = −2.7
|year low C = 4.3
| Jan mean C = -0.7
| Feb mean C = 0.5
| Mar mean C = 3.9
| Apr mean C = 8.9
| May mean C = 14.1
| Jun mean C = 16.8
| Jul mean C = 18.9
| Aug mean C = 18.5
| Sep mean C = 13.9
| Oct mean C = 9.3
| Nov mean C = 4.0
| Dec mean C = 0.4
|year mean C = 9.0
| Jan record low C = −29.4
| Feb record low C = −32.0
| Mar record low C = −22.1
| Apr record low C = −6.3
| May record low C = −3.1
| Jun record low C =  1.1
| Jul record low C =  4.7
| Aug record low C =  2.9
| Sep record low C = −4.0
| Oct record low C = −6.0
| Nov record low C = −15.5
| Dec record low C = −22.7
| precipitation colour  = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 27
| Feb precipitation mm = 25
| Mar precipitation mm = 32
| Apr precipitation mm = 33
| May precipitation mm = 59
| Jun precipitation mm = 71
| Jul precipitation mm = 81
| Aug precipitation mm = 67
| Sep precipitation mm = 47
| Oct precipitation mm = 32
| Nov precipitation mm = 35
| Dec precipitation mm = 32
|year precipitation mm = 
| Jan humidity = 84
| Feb humidity = 82
| Mar humidity = 77
| Apr humidity = 71
| May humidity = 71
| Jun humidity = 72
| Jul humidity = 71
| Aug humidity = 72
| Sep humidity = 78
| Oct humidity = 81
| Nov humidity = 86
| Dec humidity = 86
| Jan precipitation days = 14
| Feb precipitation days = 12
| Mar precipitation days = 12
| Apr precipitation days = 10
| May precipitation days = 13
| Jun precipitation days = 12
| Jul precipitation days = 14
| Aug precipitation days = 13
| Sep precipitation days = 11
| Oct precipitation days = 13
| Nov precipitation days = 15
| Dec precipitation days = 12
|year precipitation days = 151
| Jan sun = 54
| Feb sun = 74
| Mar sun = 125
| Apr sun = 204
| May sun = 250
| Jun sun = 251
| Jul sun = 251
| Aug sun = 247
| Sep sun = 166
| Oct sun = 119
| Nov sun = 67
| Dec sun = 47
|year sun = 1855
|source 1 =<ref>{{erreferentzia|url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate2/12424.htm |izenburua=КЛИМАТ ВРОЦЛАВА |egilea=pogoda.ru.net |hizkuntza=ru}}</ref><ref>{{erreferentzia|url=https://tvnmeteo.tvn24.pl/informacje-pogoda/polska,28/32-stopnie-we-wroclawiu-padl-rekord-z-1968-roku,43286,1,0.html |izenburua=32 stopnie we Wrocławiu. Padł rekord z 1968 Roku |egilea=Tvnmeteo.tvn24.pl |hizkuntza=pl}}</ref><ref>{{erreferentzia|url=https://meteomodel.pl/rekordy-temperatury/|izenburua=Rekordy temperatury w Polsce – Pogoda i Klimat|egilea=Meteomodel.pl|hizkuntza=pl}}</ref>
|date=August 2010}}
{{Klima 
| width        = 100% <!-- 77% if there is a template or image next to it -->
| collapsed    =  y <!-- y, if you have normal updates -->
| open         = 
| metric first = y <!-- always, except UK or US cities -->
| single line  = y
| location     = [[Wrocław]] ([[Wrocław-Koperniko aireportua|Koperniko aireportua]]), 1961-1990 bataz bestekoak eta muturrekoak
<!--in the order as it appears in the table, not all of the following data may be available, especially records and days of precipitation -->       
| Jan mean C  =-1.8
| Feb mean C  =-0.5
| Mar mean C  =3.2
| Apr mean C  =8.0
| May mean C  =13.1
| Jun mean C  =16.5
| Jul mean C  =17.7
| Aug mean C  =17.2
| Sep mean C  =13.4
| Oct mean C  =8.9
| Nov mean C  =3.9
| Dec mean C  =0.2
| Jan high C  =1.3    
| Feb high C  =3.2    
| Mar high C  =7.9    
| Apr high C  =13.6    
| May high C  =18.8    
| Jun high C  =22.0    
| Jul high C  =23.4    
| Aug high C  =23.2    
| Sep high C  =19.3    
| Oct high C  =14.1    
| Nov high C  =7.4    
| Dec high C  =3.0    
| Jan record high C =14.9    
| Feb record high C =19.7    
| Mar record high C =25.2    
| Apr record high C =29.5    
| May record high C =31.0    
| Jun record high C =32.8    
| Jul record high C =36.2    
| Aug record high C =35.0    
| Sep record high C =31.8    
| Oct record high C =28.1    
| Nov record high C =20.6    
| Dec record high C =16.4    
| Jan low C  =-5.3
| Feb low C  =-4.0
| Mar low C  =-0.9
| Apr low C  =2.8    
| May low C  =7.1    
| Jun low C  =10.7      
| Jul low C  =12.0     
| Aug low C  =11.6     
| Sep low C  =8.7    
| Oct low C  =4.6    
| Nov low C  =0.6   
| Dec low C  =-3.1 
| Jan record low C  =-30.0
| Feb record low C  =-27.0
| Mar record low C  =-23.8
| Apr record low C  =-8.1
| May record low C  =-4.0
| Jun record low C  =0.2    
| Jul record low C  =3.6    
| Aug record low C  =2.1    
| Sep record low C  =-3.0 
| Oct record low C  =-7.6
| Nov record low C  =-18.2
| Dec record low C  =-24.4
| precipitation colour  = green
| Jan precipitation mm  =28
| Feb precipitation mm  =26
| Mar precipitation mm  =26
| Apr precipitation mm  =39
| May precipitation mm  =64
| Jun precipitation mm  =80
| Jul precipitation mm  =84
| Aug precipitation mm  =78
| Sep precipitation mm  =48
| Oct precipitation mm  =40
| Nov precipitation mm  =43
| Dec precipitation mm  =34
| Jan sun  =49.0
| Feb sun  =65.0
| Mar sun  =107.0
| Apr sun  =142.0
| May sun  =198.0
| Jun sun  =194.0
| Jul sun  =205.0
| Aug sun  =197.0
| Sep sun  =139.0
| Oct sun  =108.0
| Nov sun  =52.0
| Dec sun  =39.0
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm     
| Jan precipitation days  =7.3
| Feb precipitation days  =6.6
| Mar precipitation days  =7.2
| Apr precipitation days  =7.7
| May precipitation days  =9.6
| Jun precipitation days  =10.0
| Jul precipitation days  =9.7
| Aug precipitation days  =8.4
| Sep precipitation days  =7.9
| Oct precipitation days  =7.1
| Nov precipitation days  =9.2
| Dec precipitation days  =8.6
| source = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]<ref name = noaa>{{erreferentzia
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/PL/12424.TXT
| izenburua = Wroclaw (12424) - WMO Weather Station
| hizkuntza = en
| egilea = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]}}
</ref>
}}


== Herritar ezagunak ==
* [[Adolph Menzel]] ([[1815]]-[[1905]]), margolaria.
* [[Theodor Mommsen]] ([[1817]]-[[1903]]), idazlea.
* [[Paul Ehrlich]] ([[1854]]-[[1915]]), biologoa.
* [[Gerhart Hauptmann]] ([[1862]]-[[1946]]),
* [[Alois Alzheimer]] ([[1864]]-[[1915]]), psikiatra eta neurologoa.
* [[Fritz Haber]] ([[1868]]-[[1934]]), kimikaria.
* [[Max Born]] ([[1882]]-[[1970]]), fisikaria.
* [[Otto Stern]] ([[1888]]-[[1969]]), fisikaria.
* [[Edith Stein]] ([[1891]]-[[1942]]), karmeldarra.
* [[Manfred von Richthofen]] "Baroi Gorria" ([[1892]]-[[1918]]), militarra.
* [[Reinhard Selten]] ([[1930]]-), ekonomialaria.
* [[Mirosław Hermaszewski]] ([[1941]]-), astronauta.
* [[Wanda Rutkiewicz]] ([[1943]]-[[1992]]), alpinista.

* [[Friedrich Bergius]]
* [[Eduard Buchner]]
* [[Philipp Lenard]]
* [[Tadeusz Rozewicz|Tadeusz Różewicz]]
* [[Piotr Włostowic]]

== Hezkuntza ==
Wrocław Poloniako hirugarren unibertsitate-hiririk handiena da eta 135.000 ikasle inguru ditu, 30 unibertsitate eta eskolatan; haien artean, aipagarrienak hauexek dira:

* [[Wrocławeko Unibertsitatea]] (''Uniwersytet Wrocławski''), 47.000 ikaslerekin,
* [[Wrocławeko Politeknikoa]] (''Politechnika Wrocławska''), 40.000 ikaslerekin,
* [[Wrocławeko Ekonomia Unibertsitatea]] (''Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wrocławiu''), 18.000 ikaslerekin,
* [[Wrocławeko Ingurumen eta Osasun Zientzien Unibertsitatea]] (''Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy we Wrocławiu''), 13.000 ikaslerekin eta
* [[Wrocławeko Medikuntza Unibertsitatea]] (''Uniwersytet Medyczny we Wrocławiu''), 6.000 ikaslerekin.

== Kultura ==
[[Donostia]]rekin batera, 2016ko [[Europako kultura-hiriburu|Europako kultura hiriburu]] izendatu zuten.

=== Museoak ===
{| class="wikitaula"
|-
! Museoa !! Helbidea
|-
| Arkeologia museoa || ''Cieszyńskiego 19''
|-
| Arkitekturaren museoa || ''Bernadyńska 5''
|-
| Hileta-Artearen museoa || ''Wita Stwosza 32''
|-
| Historiaren Museoa || ''Kazimierza Wielkiego 35''
|-
| Historia Naturalaren Museoa || ''Sienkiewicza 21''
|-
| Mineralogiaren Museoa || ''Kuźnicza 22''
|-
| Museo Etnografikoa || ''Traugutta 111/113''
|-
| Museo Nazionala || ''Powstańców Warszawy 5''
|-
| Telekomunikazioen Museoa || ''Krasińskiego 1''
|-
| Udal Artearen Museoa || ''Rynek 1''
|-
| Unibertsitateko Museoa eta dorrea || ''Uniwersytecki 1''
|}

=== Musika ===
Wrocławek opera etxea eta areto filarmonikoa ditu. [[Wrocławeko Opera Etxea|Opera Etxea]] Świdnicka kaleko 35. zenbakian dago eta [[Wrocławeko Areto Filarmonikoa|Areto Filarmonikoa]], berriz, Piłsudskiego kaleko 19. zenbakian.

=== Kirolak ===
Wrocławeko futbol-talde nagusia [[Poloniako futbol liga]]ko lehen mailako [[Śląsk Wrocław]] da: haren egoitza eta jokolekua [[Wroclawko Udal Estadioa]]n da. [[Saskibaloi]]ari dagokionez, [[Śląsk Wrocław]] taldeak Poloniako maila goreneko ligan jokatzen du.

[[2012]]an [[Polonia]]k eta [[Ukraina]]k elkarrekin antolatu zuten [[UEFA Euro 2012]] futbol-txapelketaren egoitzetako bat izan zen Wrocławko [[Maślice Estadioa]].

== Hiri senidetuak ==
Wrocławek ondorengo hiriekin dauzka senidetza hitzarmenak sinatuta:

{| class="wikitaula"
|- valign="top"
|
* {{herria|Herbehereak|Breda}}
* {{herria|Alemania|Dresde}}
* {{herria|AEB|Charlotte}}
* {{herria|Bielorrusia|Grodno}}
* {{herria|Mexiko|Guadalajara (Mexiko)}}<ref name="Guadalajara sisters">{{erreferentzia | url =http://www.guadalajara.gob.mx/dependencias/relacionespublicas/versioningles/sistercities.html | archiveurl =http://web.archive.org/web/20120302011742/http://www.guadalajara.gob.mx/dependencias/relacionespublicas/versioningles/sistercities.html|archivedate = March 2, 2012  | title = Sister Cities, Public Relations | publisher = Guadalajara municipal government|accessdate = March 12, 2013}}</ref>
||
* {{herria|Txekia|Hradec Králové}}
* {{herria|Lituania|Kaunas}}
* {{herria|Ukraina|Lviv}}
* {{herria|Israel|Ramat Gan}}
* {{herria|Alemania|Wiesbaden}}<ref name="Wiesbaden twinning">{{erreferentzia|url=http://www.wiesbaden.de/leben-in-wiesbaden/stadtportrait/partnerstaedte/index.php|title=Wiesbaden's international city relations|accessdate=24 December 2012}}</ref>
|}

== Iruditegia ==
<gallery>
Irudi:UniwersytetWroclawski-Odra.jpg|Unibertsitatea.
Irudi:Breslau-rathaus.jpg|Udaletxea.
Irudi:Grunwaldzki Wroclaw.JPG|[[Oder]].
Irudi:Wratislauia Breßlaw Breslau 17.Jh.jpg|Breslau.
Irudi:Stadion Wroclaw z lotu ptaka closer.jpg|[[Wroclawko Udal Estadioa]].
</gallery>

== Erreferentziak ==
{{ lur | data=2012/7/29}}
{{erreferentzia_zerrenda}}

== Kanpo estekak ==
* [http://www.wroclaw.pl/ Wroclaweko Udal webgunea] {{pl}} {{de}} {{en}} {{it}}
* [http://www.argia.eus/argia-astekaria/2334/wroclaw Wroclawi buruzko artikulua ARGIA aldizkarian]
{{autoritate kontrola}}

{{Hansa}}
{{Europako Kultura Hiriburuak}}

[[Kategoria:Wroclaw]]
[[Kategoria:Holokaustoaren guneak Polonian]]