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Bideo honetan Simone de Beauvoir filosofoaren pentsamendua aztertu dugu.

Bideo honetan Simone de Beauvoir filosofoaren pentsamendua aztertu dugu.

Gidoia
[Klik egin hemen irakurtzeko]
« "Emakume ez da jaiotzen: egin egiten da. Ezein destino biologikok, psikikok, ekonomikok ez du definitzen gizaki emeak gizartean duen irudia (…) zibilizazio osoak sortzen du…" »
(Bigarren Sexua II, 11)

Gaurkotasunik galdu ez duen gogoeta hau 1949koa da. Simone de Beauvoirrek idatzi zuen, Bigarren sexua izeneko saiakera liburuan.

Filosofoa, saiakera idazlea, nobelagilea, idazlea, kazetaria… hori guztia izan zen Beauvoir. Gaur egun, feminismo garaikidearen oinarrian dauden hainbat ideia garatu zituelako ezagutzen dugu nagusiki.

Aurkezpena: nor zen Simone de Beauvoir?

Baina nor izan zen, Beauvoir? Zer dakigu bere bizitzaz?

1908an jaio zen, Parisen, familia aberats eta katoliko baten babesean. 15 urterako, bazekien idazle izan nahi zuela, eta sinesduna izateari utzia zion dagoeneko. Sorbonako Unibertsitatean ikasi zuen Filosofia, Parisen. Garaiko intelektual ugari ezagutu zituen bertan, baita Jean Paul Sartre ere: bizitza osoan zehar bidelagun izango zuen pentsalaria. 1949an Bigarren Sexua liburua kaleratu zuen, eta bere burua oraindik feminisitatzat ez bazuen ere, mundu zabaleko emakumeen aldeko borrokaren oinarri bilakatu zen.

Bigarren Mundu Gerrak eragin handia izan zuen pentsalarien bizitzan. Jarrera apolitikoa alboratu eta, gaur egun esango genukeen moduan, garaiko gatazka politikoetan bustitzen hasi zen Beauvoir. 70eko hamarkadan, esaterako, abortuaren despenalizazioaren aldeko “Choisir” mugimendua sortu zuen. Choisir-ek aukeratu esan nahi du frantsesez.

1986an hil zen; hori bai: bere eleberri, saiakera eta memoria liburuetan, gaurdainoko oihartzuna duten hainbat gogoeta utzita.

Pentsamenduaren oinarria

Simone de Beauvoirren pentsamenduaren oinarrian dagoen korrontea existentzialismoa da. Edo zehatzago esanda, existentzialismo ateoa, oinarri teologikorik ez duena. Korronte horren arabera, gizakia ez dago aurrez determinatua inongo doktrina filosofiko edo moralengatik. Bizitzak eta munduak ez dute berezko zentzurik, baina norberak berea eman diezaioke. Edo are gehiago, eman behar dio, bizitza autentikoa bizi nahi badu.

Gizakia askea da, eta ondorioz, kondenatuta dago etengabe hautatzera. Eta horrenbestez, haren erabakien arduraduna ere bada. Hautuekin eta ekintzekin erabakitzen du zer nolako pertsona izan nahi duen, eta zer nolako gizarte mota nahi duen eraiki. Akabo aitzakiak ohituretan, biologian edo dena-delakoan bilatzea!

Beauvoirren pentsamenduaren gakoak

Existentzialismotik edan zuen, hortaz, Simone de Beauvoirrek. Bere bizipenak oso presente zituela garatu zuen haren pentsamendua: gogoeta filosofikoa, zientifikoa eta literatur emaria uztartuz.

Bost ideia nagusitan labur daiteke:

1. Aske izateko, aske nahi eta egin

Beauvoirren ustez askatasuna kokatua edo situatua da beti: pertsona konkretu bakoitzean gauzatzen da, testuinguru zehatz batek baldintzatua. Hala, norbanako guztiek ez dituzte beren askatasuna garatu eta beren bizi proiektu propioak gauzatzeko aukera berdinak. Adibidez, Esklaboak ez ditu Jaunaren aukera berdinak, eta emakumezkoak ere ez gizonezkoarenak.

Horren aurrean, gizakiak uneoro bere eta besteen askatasuna eraiki, zabaldu eta borrokatu behar du. Beauvoirren esanetan, askatasunari muzin egitea gizatasunari berari uko egitea da.

2. Gizatasuna anbiguoa da

Gizakiak izaera kontraesankorra berezkoa du. Animalia izan nahi ez duen animalia da. Gaurkotasunean bezainbeste bizi da lehenaldiaren eta etorkizunaren artean. Norbanakoa da, baina kolektiboa, besteekiko harremanean eraikitzen baita. Bikoiztasun horiek aitortu eta pentsatu egiten ditu Beauvoirrek, eta gure pentsamendu europarraren ideia bitarrak elkarrizketan jarri eta batu nahi ditu. Bizitza eta heriotza, gorputza eta adimena, natura eta kultura, gizona eta emakumea.

Bi muturretan oinarritutako eskema horiek berrikusi eta birpentsatzeko bidea zabaltzen du.

3. Emakume egin egiten da

Gizakia, gizona edo emakumea aldez aurretik definitzeko saiakerak baztertzen ditu: dela ekonomiatik, dela psikologiatik, dela biologiatik. Bizitzari, eta ondorioz kontzeptuei, eginez ematen zaie esanahia, norbere eta gizarte marko zehatzen arabera. Kanpotik eta barrutik eginez.

Ez dago izate naturalik, berezkorik. Ez dago zapalkuntza edo pribilegio naturalik. Eta horrenbestez izate, botere-egitura eta posizio horiek, kulturalak diren heinean, aldagarriak dira. Judu, beltz, euskaldun, ez da jaiotzen, egin egiten da. Gizarteak, testuinguruak eta norbere erabakiek egiten dute. Eta baita emakume ere.

4. Bestetasunaren filosofia

Beauvoirrek “bestetasunaren” kategoria erabiltzen du emakumeen lekua mundu maskulino honetan azaltzeko. Proiektu askea garatzeko, norbere burua ez da nahikoa. Gizakiok geure burua besteekiko harremanean garatzen dugu.

Norberaren eta bestearen arteko harremana bi eratakoa izan daiteke. Parez pareko harremana bada, bi norabidetakoa izango da aitortza, eta biak aberastuko ditu. Bestetasunezkoa bada aldiz, jabea eta esklabuarena bezalaxe, ez da aitortzarik izango. Bestea beti definituko da Batarekiko erlazioan, eta haren begietatik ezagutuko du mundua zein bere burua. Jabea izango da nor, subjektu; esklaboa aldiz, bestea, objektua.

Hori da, Beauvoirren hitzetan, emakumearekin gertatzen dena. Gizona subjektua da, emakumea aldiz, bestea. Gaur egungo kirol albistegietan aurki dezakegu horren adibidea. Gizonezkoen kirola, kirola da. Emakumezkoen kirola, aldiz, azpi-kategoria bat; bestea; emakumezkoen kirola.

5. Aniztasunaren pentsamendua: desberdintasunak berdintasunean

Aniztasunari erreparatuta, Beauvoirrek bi ideia kontrajartzen ditu: batetik, logika zapaltzaile eta inperialistakoa: “berdintasuna desberdintasunean”. Desberdinak diren horiei, nolabaiteko berdintasun teorikoa onartzen zaie, baina baldintza errealei dagokienean, zokoratuta mantentzen dira.

Bestetik, esaldiari buelta ematea aldarrikatzen du pentsalariak: “desberdintasuna berdintasunean” bihurtuz. Esaldi horretatik abiatuta,. desberdintasunak parez-pare, berdinetik berdinera eta oinarritik aintzat hartuko dituen pentsamendu bat garatzen du.

Funtsean, hori izan daiteke gaur egun zapalkuntza anitzak kontuan hartuz jardun nahi duen egiteko modu intersekzionalaren oinarria.

Itxiera

Kontzeptu horiek guztiak gaur egungo mundua ulertu eta aztertzeko erabiltzen ditugu oraindik. Horregatik dago Simone de Beauvoir XX. mendeko pentsalari esanguratsuenen artean. Eta izan zuen etorkizunera begira jartzeko abilezia ere:

« "Gauden erne, gure irudimen faltaz geroa mortu bihurtu gabe; guretzat, abstrakzio bat baizik ez da geroa (…) baina biharko gizadiak bere haragian eta bere askatasunean biziko du (...) sexuen artean bestelako harreman haragizko eta afektiboak sortuko dira, guretzat ezin igarrizkoak” »

70 urte baino gehiago joan direnean, asmatu zuela esan genezake? Edo irudikatu ezin ditugun harremanak sortzeko daude oraindik?

Edukien arduradunak[aldatu iturburu kodea]

Lotutako artikuluak[aldatu iturburu kodea]

Erabilitako irudiak[aldatu iturburu kodea]

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  106. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lady_Maria_Conyngham_(died_1843)_MET_DP162160.jpg Thomas Lawrence, CC0
  107. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Earth_and_Universe.jpg Pablo Carlos Budassi, CC BY-SA 4.0
  108. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_a_Man_in_a_Turban_(Jan_van_Eyck)_with_frame.jpg Jan van Eyck, Public domain
  109. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jules_Verne_by_%C3%89tienne_Carjat.jpg Étienne Carjat, Public domain
  110. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_by_Mncedisi_Nkosi.jpg Mncedisi Nkosi, CC BY-SA 4.0
  111. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Arlene_Levine.jpg NASA, Public domain
  112. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_a_Man_MET_DP143191.jpg Bartholomeus van der Helst, CC0
  113. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Julie_Volpeliere_-_Portrait_of_a_Woman_Playing_a_Guitar.jpg Julie Volpelière, Public domain
  114. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Odo_Morannal_Reuter_-_Portrait_Photo.jpg Daniel Nyblin, Public domain
  115. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brace_Face.jpg bigjolly11, CC BY-SA 3.0
  116. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2012-06-11_Libby%27s_new_glasses_and_braces.jpg Loren Kerns, CC BY 2.0
  117. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Beach,_bathing_suit,_tableau,_man,_woman,_summer_Fortepan_11862.jpg FOTO:Fortepan — ID 11862: Adományozó/Donor: Unknown. archive copy, Public domain
  118. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_a_Woman,_Said_to_Be_Lady_Sophia_Boyle_MET_4652.jpg Anne Mee, CC0
  119. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Man_in_Armor_(Mars%3F)_MET_DP145410.jpg Rembrandt, CC0
  120. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_Gentleman_of_Quality_(1919)_-_2.jpg Vitagraph Company of America, Public domain
  121. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_a_Gentleman_MET_DP161460.jpg Nathaniel Hancock, CC0
  122. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_a_Gentleman_MET_APS6827.jpg Edward S. Dodge, CC0
  123. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rinaldo_Capello_in_the_pits_at_the_2004_Le_Mans_(50857027458).jpg Martin Lee from London, UK, CC BY-SA 2.0
  124. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Face_of_a_man_with_acromegaly_Wellcome_L0067013.jpg See page for author, CC BY 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0>
  125. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_a_Gentleman_MET_APS6667.jpg Archibald Robertson, CC0
  126. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:High-five_during_soccer_game_DVIDS169794.jpg Seaman Omar Dominquez, Public domain
  127. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Caryn_Brooks_and_Steffeni_Mendoza_Gray_high_five_at_the_end_of_a_successful_Grand_Floral_Parade!_(5829224847).jpg Team Sam Adams from Portland, OR, US, CC BY 2.0
  128. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:High-five_with_the_DPS_mascot_(9351144853).jpg Alaska DOT&PF, CC BY 2.0
  129. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Man_and_woman_dancing_a_waltz_(1887).gif Eadweard Muybridge, Public domain
  130. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Marble_grave_stele_of_a_young_woman_and_servant_MET_DT11989.jpg Metropolitan Museum of Art, CC0
  131. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Acland_servants_1897_by_Sarah_Acland.jpg Sarah Acland, Public domain
  132. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Loja_de_Sapateiro_Aquarela_Jac_by_Jean-Baptiste_Debret_1820-1830.jpg Jean-Baptiste Debret, Public domain
  133. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Liberation_of_slave_allegory.png Unknown authorUnknown author, Public domain
  134. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gr%C3%A9gory_Gaultier_with_US_Open_Trophy.jpg stevecubbins, CC BY-SA 2.0
  135. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LeBron_James_Lakers.jpg All-Pro Reels, CC BY-SA 2.0
  136. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rafa_celebrates.jpg Robbie Dale, CC BY-SA 2.0
  137. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cristiano_Ronaldo_(35609138466).jpg Oleg Dubyna from Poltava, Ukraine, CC BY-SA 2.0
  138. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pablo_Macho_(2017).jpg GuillemMedina, CC BY-SA 4.0
  139. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:FCB_v_Real_Sociedad_-_DSC_1602_(51262752958).jpg Giovanni Batista Rodriguez from San Sebastian-Donostia, España, CC BY-SA 2.0
  140. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Serena_Williams_(9630785363).jpg Edwin Martinez from The Bronx, CC BY 2.0
  141. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Marissa_Coleman_WNBA.jpg Keith Allison, CC BY-SA 2.0
  142. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fist_Bump_for_Equality.png Plankfad, CC BY-SA 4.0
  143. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fist_bumps_and_elbow_bumps_Lewes_FC_Women_v_London_Bees_(50288949288).jpg James Boyes from UK, CC BY 2.0
  144. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pure_Diversity,_Mirta_Toledo_1993.jpg Mirta Toledo, CC BY-SA 4.0
  145. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Schurz_Imperialism_Bunco_Doll.jpg William Allen Rogers; scanned by Bob Burkhardt, Public domain
  146. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alfons_Matter_Tomb_Angel.jpg © Scotch Mist / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 4.0, CC BY-SA 4.0
  147. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_call_of_the_dark_continent_-_a_study_in_missionary_progress,_opportunity_and_urgency_(1911)_(14760137606).jpg Internet Archive Book Images, No restrictions
  148. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:EpicEarth-Globespin-tilt-23.4.gif NASA/EPIC, edit by Tdadamemd, Public domain
  149. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Philly_Thinker.JPG Smallbones, CC0
  150. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:M8_Greba_Feminista.jpg Makeip, CC BY-SA 4.0
  151. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jambalaya_(yearbook)_1909_(1909)_(14594972738).jpg Internet Archive Book Images, No restrictions
  152. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:All_Men_Are_Mortal,_1946_French_edition.jpg Unknown author, Public domain
  153. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sartre-beauvoir-takman-1967.jpg Unknown photographer, Public domain
  154. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plaque_Rue_Simone_Beauvoir_-_Montreuil_(FR93)_-_2020-10-24_-_1.jpg Chabe01, CC BY-SA 4.0
  155. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Simone_de_Beauvoir_drawing.jpg aeneastudio, CC BY 2.0 156 Pixabay, ez du atribuziorik behar 157 Pixabay 158 Pixabay
  156. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wanderings_in_Bible_lands-_notes_of_travel_in_Italy,_Greece,_Asia-Minor,_Egypt,_Nubia,_Ethiopia,_Cush,_and_Palestine_(1894)_(14597920667).jpg Internet Archive Book Images, No restrictions
  157. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nabawan_Sabah_Construction-of-a-traditional-house-01.jpg Photo by CEphoto, Uwe Aranas
  158. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Art_and_Feminism_Mexico_2016.jpg ProtoplasmaKid, CC BY-SA 4.0
  159. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alexander_Rodchenko_book_by_Lumiere_Gallery_and_Still_Art_Foundation,_publishing_2021.png Lumiere Gallery, CC BY-SA 4.0
  160. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Poor_People%27s_March_at_Lafayette_Park_ppmsca.04302.jpg Warren K. Leffler, U.S. News & World Report, Public domain
  161. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Montreal_Comiccon_2016_-_Street_Fighter_(28225349266).jpg Pikawil from Laval, Canada, CC BY-SA 2.0
  162. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ryu,_M._Bison_%26_Ken_cosplayers_at_FanimeCon_2010-05-30.JPG BrokenSphere, CC BY-SA 3.0
  163. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sargent_VenetianWoman_Preface.png John Singer Sargent, Public domain
  164. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Black_and_white_portrait_of_a_young_woman_with_a_scarf.jpg AnonymousUnknown author, CC0
  165. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_a_girl_with_a_black_bow.jpg Dmitry Makeev, CC BY-SA 4.0
  166. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Black_and_white_portrait_of_Val_at_the_Palace_of_Fine_Arts_001.jpg Levi Clancy, CC0
  167. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Adolf_Streckfu%C3%9F_by_Wilhelm_Fechner.png Wilhelm Fechner, Public domain
  168. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Retrato_de_oficial_(c._1834-1843)_com_a_Carta_Constitucional.png Unknown authorUnknown author, Public domain
  169. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edmond_de_Bi%C3%A9ville.png Nadar, Public domain
  170. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Worshipping-god-2101347.jpg ID 4653867, CC0
  171. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Inaugural_North_Charleston_Harvest_Festival_%26_Block_Party_(10541385464).jpg North Charleston from North Charleston, SC, United States, CC BY-SA 2.0
  172. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Notre_Dame,_Parijs_1959.jpg Exact photographer was not known. Most of the time Wim Zevenhek or Johanna Deus., CC0
  173. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:La_Revoluci%C3%B3n_ser%C3%A1_Feminista_o_no_ser%C3%A1.jpg Karla Riveros, CC BY-SA 4.0
  174. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Simone_de_Beauvoir_(signature).svg Simone de Beauvoir, Public domain
  175. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:First_Folio,_Shakespeare_-_0294.jpg William Shakespeare, Public domain
  176. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Raimundo_Madrazo_-_The_Model_Aline_Masson_with_a_White_Mantilla.jpg Raimundo de Madrazo y Garreta, Public domain
  177. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_Pinazo_Mart%C3%ADnez_-_Floreal,_1915.jpg José Pinazo Martínez, Public domain
  178. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Costumbres_chilenas_-_Huasos_2.jpg Carlos Brandt (?), Concepción, Public domain
  179. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%8Dleon_63x.jpg Alfonso Mora, CC BY-SA 4.0
  180. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sectioned_skull_in_profile_to_left_with_the_left_side_of_the_cranium_removed_MET_DP823725.jpg Leonardo da Vinci, CC0
  181. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Milly_Vitale_telephone_call.JPG Unknown authorUnknown author, Public domain
  182. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Muhammad_Ali_fights_Brian_London_on_August_6,_1966.jpg PA, Public domain
  183. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:F%C3%A1brica_de_harinas_Rubio_(2).JPG Outisnn, CC BY-SA 3.0
  184. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Clouds_in_Russia._img_386.jpg Dmitry Makeev, CC BY-SA 4.0
  185. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alice_Winifred_O%27Connor_Professional_Diaries,_1918_(1918)_(14760619416).jpg OConnor, Alice Winifred, 1886-1968, No restrictions
  186. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alice_Winifred_O%27Connor_Professional_Diaries,_1918_(1918)_(14780478891).jpg OConnor, Alice Winifred, 1886-1968, No restrictions
  187. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Forbidden_sign.png Copyleft, CC0
  188. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:-Clown-_MET_DP325372.jpg Metropolitan Museum of Art, CC0
  189. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tandberg_television_set_(1962).jpg Bjoertvedt, CC BY-SA 3.0
  190. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zomerklanken_van_het_NVV_-_Spiegel_der_beweging_nr._8,_item_2_49709.webm
  191. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sch%C3%A4ufelein_Portrait_of_a_man_01.jpghans Leonhard Schäufelein, Public domain
  192. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Magnifying_Glass_Photo.jpg The original uploader was Mis306 at English Wikibooks., Public domain
  193. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Single-cell-time-lapse-analysis-of-depletion-of-the-universally-conserved-essential-protein-YgjD-1471-2180-11-118-S4.ogv#file
  194. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Family-album.jpg AnonymousUnknown authorderivative work: Photolis, Public domain
  195. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_an_unknown_woman_(8592878551).jpg Australian National Maritime Museum on The Commons, No restrictions
  196. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_a_woman_(9704899167).jpg Australian National Maritime Museum on The Commons, No restrictions
  197. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kvinna_-_Atelier_Bruzelius_Visby_1920.jpg Photographer Måns Birger Bruzelius 1866-1944, CC BY-SA 4.0
  198. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:King%27s_College_London_Students_Evacuated_To_Bristol,_England,_1940_D430.jpg Ministry of Information Photo Division Photographer, Public domain
  199. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Europe_Patron_saints_Mosaic.jpg collection by User:jobas, CC BY-SA 3.0
  200. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Staytonville_bullpen.jpg Jack Delano, Public domain
  201. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:King_Charles_I_after_original_by_van_Dyck.jpg Follower of Anthony van Dyck, Public domain
  202. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Women%27s_Royal_Naval_Service_on_the_Home_Front,_1917-1918_Q19781.jpg Lewis, George P. (Photographer), Public domain
  203. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Construction_in_Ontario_1940%27s_Cecil_White.jpg User:WayneRay, Public domain
  204. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Baseball_glass_workers2.jpghine, Lewis Wickes, 1874-1940, photographer., Public domain
  205. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Val_Vita_Foods_workers_Fullerton,_California_1940.jpeg Terp00, CC BY-SA 3.0
  206. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Keypunching_1940s_census.jpg U.S. Census Bureau employees, Public domain
  207. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trackwomen,_1943._Baltimore_%26_Ohio_Railroad_Company,_1940-1945.jpg The U.S. National Archives, No restrictions
  208. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Turret-lathe_workers_8d36007v.jpg Fritz Henle, Public domain
  209. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ICT4ID_Information_and_Communication_Technologies_for_Intercultural_Dialogue,_DVD_3,_Peru,_Proyecto_Tokapu,_Video_Qeuchua_En_Villa_El_Salvador,_Al_son_de_mi_Familia.webm UNESCO, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/deed.en>
  210. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diverse_learners_multiple_terrains.ogv Comet Media Foundation, CC BY-SA 3.0
  211. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Women_in_Defense_(Office_of_War_Information).ogv National Archives and Records Administration, Public domain
  212. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_March_(1964_film).webm James Blue, director, for the United States Information Agency via US National Archives, Public domain
  213. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jean_O%27Leary_of_Lesbian_Feminist_Liberation_speaks_at_1973_NYC_Pride.webm Reina, CC BY-SA 3.0 218 Drops of H2O ( The Filtered Water Treatment )http://ccmixter.org/files/djlang59/37792 J.Lang, CC BY 3.0, via ccMixter
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