Gaman

Gaman (japonieraz: 我慢^?) zen eskolako budismoaren jatorrizko japonierazko hitz bat da,^[1] "itxuraz jasanezina dena pazientziaz eta duintasunez jasatea" esan nahi duena.^[2] "Pertseberantzia", "pazientzia", "tolerantzia" edo "abnegazio" terminoak laburbiltzen ditu. Gamanzuyoi (japonieraz: 我慢強い, gaman-tsuyoi^?) loturiko terminoak tsuyoi ("indarra") eransten du, "jasan ezina jasatea" esan nahi du, edo "erresistentziarako gaitasun estoiko handia izatea".^[3]

Analisia[aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

Gamana Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako kontzentrazio-esparruetan Bigarren Mundu Gerran sartuta zeuden japoniar jatorriko estatubatuarrei^[4] eta 2011ko lurrikarak eta tsunamiak kaltetutakoei^[5] egotzi zitzaien. Kontzentrazio-esparruetan, gama gaizki ulertu zuten ez-japoniarrek portaera barnerakoi gisa, edo asertibitate edo ekimen faltatzat, zailtasunaren edo sufrimenduaren aurreko indar-frogapentzat baino gehiago.^[6]

2011ko Japoniako lurrikararen eta tsunamiaren ondoren, erresilientzia, gizalegea, arpilatzerik eza eta japoniarrek elkarri laguntzeko zuten gaitasuna gamani egotzi zioten. Era berean, arrisku larria izan arren, Fukushimako zentral nuklearrean, kaltetua eta erradioaktibitatez betea, geratu ziren 50- 70 langileek gaman ere erakutsi zuten.^[7]

Gamana psikoanalisian^[8] eta japoniarren jarrera deskribatzeko ere erabili izan dute. Askotan gazteei irakasten zaie eta japoniar zaharrenen belaunaldiek goraipatzen dute. Gaman erakustea heldutasun- eta indar-zeinutzat hartzen da. Gai pertsonalak, arazoak eta kexak isilean gordetzeak indarra eta heziketa ona erakusten ditu, gainerakoek arazo handiagoak izan baititzakete. Gamandun bat beste baten laguntza jasotzera joango balitz, apal agertu beharko luke, behar den laguntza baino gehiago eskatu gabe, eta inolako kezkarik adierazi gabe.^[9]

Erreferentziak[aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

↑ West, Mark I. (2009). The Japanification of Children's Popular Culture: from Godzilla to Miyazaki,, 4. orr, Google Booksen
↑ Smithsonian, "The Art of Gaman", "Arts and Crafts from the Japanese American Internment Camps, 1942-1946"
↑ DeMente, Boye. (2003). Japan's Cultural Code Words: 233 Key Terms that Explain the Attitudes and Behavior of the Japanese, págs. 74-75. Google Booksen
↑ Japanese National American Museum, "The Art of Gaman: Enduring the Seemingly Unbearable with Patience and Dignity," VOA News (US)
↑ Köhler, Nicholas and Nancy Macdonald with Jason Kirby. "Why the world is wrong to count Japan out," Maclean's 2011/03/25
↑ Niiya, Brian. (1993). Japanese American History: An A-to-Z Reference from 1868 to the Present, p. 143., 143. orr, Google Booksen, citing Betty Furuta, (1981). "Ethnic Identities of Japanese-American Families: Implications for Counseling," in Understanding the Family: Stress and Change in American Family Life (Cathleen Gerry and Winnifred Humphreys, eds.), págs. 200-231, 212.
↑ Mateo, Ibarra C. "Japanese show power of patience, stoic discipline amid triple crises," Philippine Daily Inquirer
↑ Johnson, Frank A. (1995) Dependency and Japanese Socialization, 181. orr, Google Booksen
↑ Burns, p. 51. Google Booksen; Kolb, p. 146. Google Booksen

Kanpo estekak[aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

Datuak: Q1492867

[1] West, Mark I. (2009). The Japanification of Children's Popular Culture: from Godzilla to Miyazaki,, 4. orr, Google Booksen

[smithsonianapa-2] Smithsonian, "The Art of Gaman", "Arts and Crafts from the Japanese American Internment Camps, 1942-1946"

[3] DeMente, Boye. (2003). Japan's Cultural Code Words: 233 Key Terms that Explain the Attitudes and Behavior of the Japanese, págs. 74-75. Google Booksen

[4] Japanese National American Museum, "The Art of Gaman: Enduring the Seemingly Unbearable with Patience and Dignity," VOA News (US)

[5] Köhler, Nicholas and Nancy Macdonald with Jason Kirby. "Why the world is wrong to count Japan out," Maclean's 2011/03/25

[6] Niiya, Brian. (1993). Japanese American History: An A-to-Z Reference from 1868 to the Present, p. 143., 143. orr, Google Booksen, citing Betty Furuta, (1981). "Ethnic Identities of Japanese-American Families: Implications for Counseling," in Understanding the Family: Stress and Change in American Family Life (Cathleen Gerry and Winnifred Humphreys, eds.), págs. 200-231, 212.

[7] Mateo, Ibarra C. "Japanese show power of patience, stoic discipline amid triple crises," Philippine Daily Inquirer

[8] Johnson, Frank A. (1995) Dependency and Japanese Socialization, 181. orr, Google Booksen

[9] Burns, p. 51. Google Booksen; Kolb, p. 146. Google Booksen

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]