Ipse dixit

Ipse dixit ( latinez "berak esan zuen") frogarik gabeko baieztapena edo iritziaren adierazpen dogmatiko bat da. ^[1] Autoritate batek baieztatu duena egiatzat jotzea.

Proposamen bat ""horrelakoa da, den bezalakoa da, berak esan duelako" esanez defendatzeko falaziak desitxuratu egiten du argumentua, eta autoritate baten aipuarekin frogatutzat ematen du: auzi-jartzaileak aitortzen du gai bat berez den bezalako dela, eta kontua ezin dela aldatu, kontuak ez duela bueltarik.^[2]

Askotan esapidearen bigarren hitza, dixit, besterik ez da erabiltzen. Esate baterako, horrelako esapide batean, testuinguru jakin batean: "zuzendariak dixit". Horrelako esaldia, modu ironikoan erabiliko da, ziur aski, ("zuzendariak esan duelako" eta kitto!; horrela da eta ez dago eztabaidatzerik).

Historia[aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

Adierazpenaren latinezko jatorrizko forma Marcus Tullius Zizeron (K.a. 106–43) hizlari eta filosofo erromarrarengandik dator De Natura Deorum ( Jainkoen izaeraz) ikerlan teologikoetan eta greziar esamoldearen itzulpena da (esanahi berdinarekin). autòs épha ( αὐτὸς ἔφα ), Pitagorasen dizipuluek arrazoi edo frogetara jo beharrean maisuaren adierazpenetara jotzeko egindako autoritatearen argudioa gehegikeriaz erabiltzen omen zuten. ^[3]

XVII. mendearen hasiera baino lehen, jakintsuek ipse dixit terminoa aplikatzen zuten beren gaiaren argudioak justifikatzeko, argumentuak lehenago Aristoteles (K.a. 384-322) antzinako greziar filosofoak erabili bazituen. ^[4]

Ipse-dixitismoa[aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

XVIII.mendearen amaieran, Jeremy Benthamek ipse dixit terminoa ipse -dixitism esamoldera egokitu zuen. ^[5] Bentham-ek asmatu zuen terminoa argudio politiko ez- utilitarista guztiei aplikatzeko. ^[6]

Erabilera juridikoa[aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

Lokuzioa mendebaldeko hiztegi juridikoan arrunt bilakatu da. Esaterako:

1997an, Estatu Batuetako Auzitegi Gorenak "aditu baten ipse dixitaren bidez soilik dauden datuekin konektatzen den iritzi frogaren arazoa" onartu zuen. ^[7] Era berean, Texasko Auzitegi Gorenak "erreklamazio bat ez da eutsiko edo eroriko lekuko kredentzial baten ipse dixit hutsean ". ^[8]

Erreferentziak[aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

↑ Whitney, William Dwight. (1906). "Ipse dixit", The Century dictionary and cyclopedia, pp. 379–380; Westbrook, Robert B. "John Dewey and American Democracy", p. 359.
↑ VanderMey, Randall et al. (2011). Comp, p. 183; excerpt: "Bare assertion. The most basic way to distort an issue is to deny that it exists. This fallacy claims, 'That's just how it is.' "
↑ Poliziano, Angelo. (2010). Angelo Poliziano's Lamia: Text, Translation, and Introductory Studies, p. 26; excerpt, "In Cicero's De natura deorum, as well as in other sources, the phrase “Ipse dixit” pointed to the notion that Pythagoras's disciples would use that short phrase as justification for adopting a position: if the master had said it, it was enough for them and there was no need to argue further."
↑ Burton, George Ward. (1909). Burton's book on California and its sunlit skies of glory, p. 27; excerpt, "But by the time of Bacon, students had fallen into the habit of accepting Aristotle as an infallible guide, and when a dispute arose the appeal was not to fact, but to Aristotle's theory, and the phrase, Ipse dixit, ended all dispute."
↑ Bentham, Jeremy. (1834). Deontology; or, The science of morality, Vol. 1, p. 323; excerpt, "ipsedixitism ... comes down to us from an antique and high authority, —-it is the principle recognised (so Cicero informs us) by the disciples of Pythagoras. Ipse {he, the master, Pythagoras), ipse dixit, — he has said it; the master has said that it is so; therefore, say the disciples of the illustrious sage, therefore so it is."
↑ Bentham, Jeremy. (1838). Works of Jeremy Bentham, p. 192; excerpt, "... it is not a mere ipse dixit that will warrant us to give credit for utility to institutions, in which not the least trace of utility is discernible."
↑ Filan, citing General Electric Co. v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 136, 137; 118 S.Ct. 512; 139 L.Ed.2d 508 (1997).
↑ Burrow v. Arce, 997 S.W.2d 229, 235 (Tex. 1999).

Kanpo estekak[aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

Bulfinch, Thomas. (1913). «XXXIV. a. Pythagoras» Bartleby.com (Age of Fable: Vols. I & II: Stories of Gods and Heroes).
Brewer, E. Cobham. (1898). «Ipse dixit» Bartleby (Dictionary of Phrase and Fable).
«Ipse dixit» Bartleby (American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition.) 2000.

Datuak: Q760901

[TtWA4-1] Whitney, William Dwight. (1906). "Ipse dixit", The Century dictionary and cyclopedia, pp. 379–380; Westbrook, Robert B. "John Dewey and American Democracy", p. 359.

[comp-2] VanderMey, Randall et al. (2011). Comp, p. 183; excerpt: "Bare assertion. The most basic way to distort an issue is to deny that it exists. This fallacy claims, 'That's just how it is.' "

[IMKoK-3] Poliziano, Angelo. (2010). Angelo Poliziano's Lamia: Text, Translation, and Introductory Studies, p. 26; excerpt, "In Cicero's De natura deorum, as well as in other sources, the phrase “Ipse dixit” pointed to the notion that Pythagoras's disciples would use that short phrase as justification for adopting a position: if the master had said it, it was enough for them and there was no need to argue further."

[RfoNO-4] Burton, George Ward. (1909). Burton's book on California and its sunlit skies of glory, p. 27; excerpt, "But by the time of Bacon, students had fallen into the habit of accepting Aristotle as an infallible guide, and when a dispute arose the appeal was not to fact, but to Aristotle's theory, and the phrase, Ipse dixit, ended all dispute."

[Qgpov-5] Bentham, Jeremy. (1834). Deontology; or, The science of morality, Vol. 1, p. 323; excerpt, "ipsedixitism ... comes down to us from an antique and high authority, —-it is the principle recognised (so Cicero informs us) by the disciples of Pythagoras. Ipse {he, the master, Pythagoras), ipse dixit, — he has said it; the master has said that it is so; therefore, say the disciples of the illustrious sage, therefore so it is."

[siYBQ-6] Bentham, Jeremy. (1838). Works of Jeremy Bentham, p. 192; excerpt, "... it is not a mere ipse dixit that will warrant us to give credit for utility to institutions, in which not the least trace of utility is discernible."

[ByVNx-7] Filan, citing General Electric Co. v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 136, 137; 118 S.Ct. 512; 139 L.Ed.2d 508 (1997).

[zAnUp-8] Burrow v. Arce, 997 S.W.2d 229, 235 (Tex. 1999).

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