2023ko Turkiako eta Siriako lurrikarak

2023ko Turkiako eta Siriako lurrikarak
Mota	earthquake sequence (en)
Data	2023ko otsailaren 6a (01:17:35 (en) . UTC+03:00)
Kokaleku	Gaziantep; Kahramanmaraş (en)
Herrialdea	Turkia eta Siria
Kausa	Ekialdeko Anatoliako faila ; Dead Sea Transform (en)
Honen ondorioa	egituraren hutsegite ; sute ; tsunami ; suntsiketa ; humanitarian response to the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake (en) ; Salbuespen egoera ; Damage of the 2023 Gaziantep-Kahramanmaraş earthquakes (en)
Lurrikararen momentu sismikoa	7,8
Magnitudea Richter eskalan	7,8
Mercalli intentsitate eskala	Mercalli scale IX (en)
Sakonera bertikal	17,9 km
Erreplikak	2.109 (2023ko otsailaren 12a)
Pertsona hilak	50.132 (2023ko otsailaren 25a)
Pertsona zaurituak	120.000 (2023ko otsailaren 15a)
Komunikabide

2023ko Turkiako eta Siriako lurrikarak 2023ko otsailaren 6an izandako lurrikara handien multzoa izan zen. Lehenengoa 04:17:35ean tokiko orduan (UTC+3) gertatu zen. Haren epizentroa Gaziantep hiriaren mendebalde-ipar-mendebalderantz 33 km-ra zegoen, Turkia eta Siriaren arteko mugatik gertu, 17,9 km-ko sakoneran. Magnitude sismikoa Estatu Batuetako Zerbitzu Geologikoak kalkulatu zuen 7.8 M_wwtan, eta epizentrotik gertuen zeuden herrietan IX MMI intentsitate maximoa kalkulatu zen.

Ordu batzuk beranduago beste lurrikara handi bat ere izan zen. Bigarren lurrikararen epizentroa Turkiako Kahramanmaras hiritik gertu ego zen, eta 7,5eko magnitudea eduki zuen. Hau da, gauekoa baino pixka bat ahulagoa.^[1]^{[oh 1]}

Lurrikarek kalte ugari eragin zituzten Turkia, Siria eta Kurdistanen. Iturri ofizialek emandako datuen arabera, 39000 pertsona inguru hil ziren eta 85000 inguru izan ziren zaurituak. Lurrikarak izan eta handik astebetera, oraindik ere milaka ziren desagertutakoak^[2]. Hondamendiaren ondorengo egoera eta erreskate lanak oraindik eta gehiago zaildu zituen neguko eguraldi gogorrak^[3].

Lurrikara gertatu eta ondorengo egunetan erreskate lanetan aritu ziren; otsailaren 13an, lurrikarak gertatu eta 180 ordu beranduago, bizirik erreskatatu zuten 13 urteko gazte bat^[4].

Lurrikarak[aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

7.8ko lurrikara[aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

Estatu Batuetako Zerbitzu Geologikoak lehen lurrikara neurtu zuen 7,8 magnitude momentua kalkulatu zuen (M_ww). Gaziantepen ekialdean izan zuen epizentroa, Gaziantep probintzian, Siriarekiko mugatik gertu. Lurrikarak urratze failei dagokien mekanismo fokala zuen.^[5] Haustura ipar-mendebaldeko/hego-ekialdeko norabide-faila batean gertatu zen, ipar-ekialdeko okerdurarekin.^[6] Lurrikarak erreplikak izan zituen eta indartsuena M_wwkoa 6,7 izan zen.^[7]

Lurrikararen magnitudeak, seguruenik, Turkian inoiz izan den lurrikararik indartsuena bihurtuko du, 1939ko Erzincango lurrikara berdinduz.^[8]

7.5 lurrikara[aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

7,5 M_ww neurtutako bigarren lurrikara bat (GEOSCOPEren arabera, 7.7 M_w^[9]) 10:24 UTCan sentitu zen, Ekinözütik lau kilometrora hegoaldean, Kahramanmaras probintzian. Ekialde-mendebalde faila baten mugimenduak eragin zuen. USGSren arabera, bigarren lurrikara hau beste faila baten haustura izan liteke, 120 kilometroko sakonerarekin eta 18 kilometroko zabalerarekin^[10]. 6,0ko erreplika bat izan zuen jarraian.

Erreplikak[aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

Lurrikaren sekunetzia (M_w 4.0 edo gehiago)
Data	Ordua (UTC)	M	MMI	Sakonera	Erref.
Otsailaren 6	01:17	7.8–8.0	IX	17.9	^[5]
Otsailaren 6	01:26	5.6	VII	17.0	^[11]
Otsailaren 6	01:28	6.7	VIII	14.5	^[7]
Otsailaren 6	01:36	5.6	VII	10.0	^[12]
Otsailaren 6	01:58	5.1	N/A	10.0	^[13]
Otsailaren 6	02:01	4.8	N/A	10.4	^[14]
Otsailaren 6	02:03	5.5	VII	10.0	^[15]
Otsailaren 6	02:17	4.8	N/A	10.0	^[16]
Otsailaren 6	02:23	5.2	IV	11.4	^[17]
Otsailaren 6	02:54	4.6	V	10.0	^[18]
Otsailaren 6	03:04	4.7	N/A	17.9	^[19]
Otsailaren 6	03:12	4.5	VI	12.6	^[20]
Otsailaren 6	03:28	4.4	N/A	16.0	^[21]
Otsailaren 6	03:45	4.8	VI	15.4	^[22]
Otsailaren 6	04:04	4.3	N/A	14.1	^[23]
Otsailaren 6	04:14	4.4	N/A	16.7	^[24]
Otsailaren 6	04:16	4.5	V	13.2	^[25]
Otsailaren 6	04:18	5.0	VI	14.5	^[26]
Otsailaren 6	04:39	4.3	N/A	14.9	^[27]
Otsailaren 6	04:47	4.4	N/A	10.0	^[28]
Otsailaren 6	05:01	4.6	N/A	20.2	^[29]
Otsailaren 6	05:36	4.6	N/A	10.6	^[30]
Otsailaren 6	05:55	4.5	N/A	16.5	^[31]
Otsailaren 6	06:26	5.0	N/A	10.0	^[32]
Otsailaren 6	06:54	4.8	N/A	10.0	^[33]
Otsailaren 6	07:08	4.6	N/A	13.4	^[34]
Otsailaren 6	08:01	4.5	N/A	10.0	^[35]
Otsailaren 6	08:52	4.8	N/A	10.0	^[36]
Otsailaren 6	09:23	4.6	N/A	10.0	^[37]
Otsailaren 6	09:36	4.3	IV	10.0	^[38]
Otsailaren 6	10:24	7.5–7.7	IX	10.0	^[10]
Otsailaren 6	10:35	5.8	VII	10.0	^[39]
Otsailaren 6	10:51	5.7	VII	10.0	^[40]
Otsailaren 6	11:01	5.0	N/A	10.0	^[41]
Otsailaren 6	11:05	5.2	N/A	10.0	^[42]
Otsailaren 6	11:11	4.9	N/A	18.0	^[43]
Otsailaren 6	12:02	6.0	VII	10.0	^[44]
Otsailaren 6	12:13	4.8	N/A	10.0	^[45]
Otsailaren 6	12:34	4.9	N/A	13.0	^[46]
Otsailaren 6	12:36	4.7	N/A	10.0	^[47]
Otsailaren 6	13:00	4.5	N/A	10.0	^[48]
Otsailaren 6	13:07	5.0	N/A	17.1	^[49]
Otsailaren 6	13:17	4.5	VII	10.0	^[50]
Otsailaren 6	13:39	5.1	N/A	10.0	^[51]
Otsailaren 6	13:44	5.0	N/A	10.0	^[52]
Otsailaren 6	15:14	5.3	N/A	10.0	^[53]
Otsailaren 6	15:33	5.2	N/A	8.8	^[54]
Otsailaren 6	16:26	4.8	N/A	10.0	^[55]

Geologia[aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

Lurrikararen kokapenak Anatolia, Arabia eta Afrikako plaken arteko lotura hirukoitz baten inguruan kokatzen du. Lurrikararen mekanismoa eta kokapena bat datoz Ekialdeko Anatoliako faila-eremuarekin edo Itsaso Hileko faila-transformakorraren eremuan gertatutako lurrikararekin. Ekialdeko Anatoliako Failak Turkiako mendebalderantz egiten du estrusioa, Egeo itsasorantz; Itsaso Hileko transformakorrak, berriz, Arabiako penintsularen iparralderanzko mugimendua du, Afrikako eta Eurasiako plakekiko erlatibo.^[5]

Sismikotasuna[aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

Lurrikara nagusiaren eta errepliken mapa – Mw  4.0 edo gehiago

Otsailaren 6ko lurrikara gertatu zen eskualdea nahiko lasaia da sismologikoki. 6 magnitudeko edo gehiagoko hiru lurrikara baino ez dira gertatu otsailaren 6ko lurrikaratik 250 km-ra, 1970etik. Handiena, 6,7 magnitudekoa, otsailaren 6ko lurrikararen ipar-ekialdean gertatu zen, 2020ko urtarrilaren 24an. Lurrikara horiek guztiak Ekialdeko Anatoliako failan zehar edo handik hurbil gertatu ziren. Otsailaren 6ko epizentroaren inguruan nolabaiteko lasaitasun sismikoa egon arren, Turkiako hegoaldean eta Siriako iparraldean lurrikara esanguratsu eta kaltegarriak izan dira iraganean. Alepo, Sirian, hainbat aldiz suntsitu izan dute historikoki lurrikara handiek, nahiz eta kokaleku zehatzak eta lurrikara horien magnitudeak soilik zenbatetsi daitezkeen. Alepo kolpatu zuten 1138. urtean 7.1 magnitudea izango zuen lurrikara batek eta 1822an 7,0 magnitudea izango zuen lurrikara batek. 1822ko lurrikarak 20.000 eta 60 000 pertsona bitartean hil zituen.^[5]

Oharrak[aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

↑ Lurrikaren magnitude momentua eskala logaritmikoan neurtzen da. 0,3ko aldeak esan nahi du lurrikara indartsuan baino hiru aldiz energia gutxiago askatu dela.

Erreferentziak[aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

↑ Lartzanguren, Edu. «Beste lurrikara indartsu batek astindu du Turkia, eta eskualdean gutxienez 1.500 pertsona hil direla baieztatu dute» Berria (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-02-06).
↑ «Hildakoak 39.000 mila dira jada, eta kritikak areagotu dira NBEren eta Turkiako Gobernuaren aurka» Argia (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-02-13).
↑ SL, TAI GABE DIGITALA. (2023-02-07). «Gosea eta hotza, Turkia eta Siriako lurrikararen hondamenean» naiz: (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-02-13).
↑ (Gaztelaniaz) SL, TAI GABE DIGITALA. (2023-02-13). «Rescatado un niño 182 horas después de unos sismos en los que ya han muerto 40.000 personas» naiz: (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-02-13).
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d National Earthquake Information Center. (6 February 2023). M 7.8 - 23 km E of Nurdağı, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.
↑ TURKEY 2023/02/06 01:17:35 UTC, Mw=8.0. GEOSCOPE Observatory 6 February 2023.
↑ ^a ^b National Earthquake Information Center. (6 February 2023). M 6.7 - Central Turkey. United States Geological Survey.
↑ Yoon, John. (2023-02-06). «Monday’s earthquake was the strongest ever in Turkey, matching a deadly one in 1939.» The New York Times ISSN 0362-4331..
↑ (Ingelesez) Utilisateur, Super. «Geoscope - Earthquake description» geoscope.ipgp.fr (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-02-06).
↑ ^a ^b earthquake.usgs.gov (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-02-06).
↑ National Earthquake Information Center. M 5.6 – 23 km NE of Musabeyli, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.
↑ National Earthquake Information Center. M 5.6 – 16 km S of Nurdağı, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.
↑ National Earthquake Information Center. M 5.1 – 6 km ESE of Hasanbeyli, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.
↑ National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.8 – 23 km SW of Pazarcık, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.
↑ National Earthquake Information Center. M 5.5 – 2 km S of Tut, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.
↑ National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.8 – 10 km SSW of Nurdağı, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.
↑ National Earthquake Information Center. M 5.2 – 21 km E of Nurdağı, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.
↑ National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.6 – 15 km E of Denizciler, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.
↑ M 4.7 – eastern Turkey. .
↑ National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.5 – central Turkey. United States Geological Survey.
↑ National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.4 – 6 km NW of Sincik, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.
↑ National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.8 – 18 km N of Sincik, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.
↑ National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.3 – Central Turkey. United States Geological Survey.
↑ National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.4 – eastern Turkey. United States Geological Survey.
↑ National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.5 – 3 km ENE of Pazarcık, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.
↑ National Earthquake Information Center. M 5.0 – eastern Turkey. United States Geological Survey.
↑ National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.3 – 14 km W of Gölbaşı, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.
↑ National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.4 – 8 km SW of Hassa, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.
↑ National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.6 – central Turkey. United States Geological Survey.
↑ National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.6 – 3 km E of Anayazı, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.
↑ National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.5 – 16 km WSW of Sincik, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.
↑ National Earthquake Information Center. M 5.0 – 12 km NW of İskenderun, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.
↑ National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.8 – 14 km SE of Çağlayancerit, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.
↑ National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.6 – 12 km SE of Aşağı Karafakılı, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.
↑ National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.5 - 14 km SSW of Aşağı Karafakılı, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.
↑ National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.8 - 7 km SW of Pazarcık, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.
↑ National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.6 - Turkey-Syria border region. United States Geological Survey.
↑ National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.3 - Central Turkey. United States Geological Survey.
↑ National Earthquake Information Center. M 5.8 - 13 km SW of Doğanşehir, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.
↑ National Earthquake Information Center. M 5.7 - eastern Turkey. United States Geological Survey.
↑ National Earthquake Information Center. M 5.0 - 6 km W of Pazarcık, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.
↑ National Earthquake Information Center. M 5.2 - 20 km ESE of Göksun, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.
↑ National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.9 - 8 km N of Çağlayancerit, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.
↑ National Earthquake Information Center. M 6.0 - 5 km NE of Göksun, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.
↑ National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.8 - 7 km SSW of Nurhak, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.
↑ National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.9 - 9 km N of Çelikhan, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.
↑ National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.7 - 8 km N of Çelikhan, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.
↑ National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.5 - 13 km WSW of Darende, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.
↑ National Earthquake Information Center. M 5.0 - 3 km NNW of Nurhak, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.
↑ National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.9 - 20 km SW of Göksun, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.
↑ National Earthquake Information Center. M 5.1 - 3 km ENE of Kahramanmaraş, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.
↑ National Earthquake Information Center. M 5.0 - 7 km SE of Nurhak, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.
↑ National Earthquake Information Center. M 5.3 - 12 km NE of Gölbaşı, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.
↑ National Earthquake Information Center. M 5.2 - 15 km NNW of Çelikhan, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.
↑ National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.8 - 10 km E of Göksun, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.

Kanpo estekak[aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

Datuak: Q116691303
Multimedia: 2023 Gaziantep-Kahramanmaraş earthquakes / Q116691303

[2] Lurrikaren magnitude momentua eskala logaritmikoan neurtzen da. 0,3ko aldeak esan nahi du lurrikara indartsuan baino hiru aldiz energia gutxiago askatu dela.

[:0-1] Lartzanguren, Edu. «Beste lurrikara indartsu batek astindu du Turkia, eta eskualdean gutxienez 1.500 pertsona hil direla baieztatu dute» Berria (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-02-06).

[3] «Hildakoak 39.000 mila dira jada, eta kritikak areagotu dira NBEren eta Turkiako Gobernuaren aurka» Argia (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-02-13).

[4] SL, TAI GABE DIGITALA. (2023-02-07). «Gosea eta hotza, Turkia eta Siriako lurrikararen hondamenean» naiz: (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-02-13).

[5] (Gaztelaniaz) SL, TAI GABE DIGITALA. (2023-02-13). «Rescatado un niño 182 horas después de unos sismos en los que ya han muerto 40.000 personas» naiz: (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-02-13).

[anss7.8-6] National Earthquake Information Center. (6 February 2023). M 7.8 - 23 km E of Nurdağı, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.

[geoscope-7] TURKEY 2023/02/06 01:17:35 UTC, Mw=8.0. GEOSCOPE Observatory 6 February 2023.

[anss6.7-8] National Earthquake Information Center. (6 February 2023). M 6.7 - Central Turkey. United States Geological Survey.

[9] Yoon, John. (2023-02-06). «Monday’s earthquake was the strongest ever in Turkey, matching a deadly one in 1939.» The New York Times ISSN 0362-4331..

[10] (Ingelesez) Utilisateur, Super. «Geoscope - Earthquake description» geoscope.ipgp.fr (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-02-06).

[:1-11] earthquake.usgs.gov (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-02-06).

[12] National Earthquake Information Center. M 5.6 – 23 km NE of Musabeyli, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.

[13] National Earthquake Information Center. M 5.6 – 16 km S of Nurdağı, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.

[14] National Earthquake Information Center. M 5.1 – 6 km ESE of Hasanbeyli, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.

[15] National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.8 – 23 km SW of Pazarcık, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.

[16] National Earthquake Information Center. M 5.5 – 2 km S of Tut, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.

[17] National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.8 – 10 km SSW of Nurdağı, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.

[18] National Earthquake Information Center. M 5.2 – 21 km E of Nurdağı, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.

[19] National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.6 – 15 km E of Denizciler, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.

[20] M 4.7 – eastern Turkey. .

[21] National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.5 – central Turkey. United States Geological Survey.

[22] National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.4 – 6 km NW of Sincik, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.

[23] National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.8 – 18 km N of Sincik, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.

[24] National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.3 – Central Turkey. United States Geological Survey.

[25] National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.4 – eastern Turkey. United States Geological Survey.

[26] National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.5 – 3 km ENE of Pazarcık, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.

[27] National Earthquake Information Center. M 5.0 – eastern Turkey. United States Geological Survey.

[28] National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.3 – 14 km W of Gölbaşı, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.

[29] National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.4 – 8 km SW of Hassa, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.

[30] National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.6 – central Turkey. United States Geological Survey.

[31] National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.6 – 3 km E of Anayazı, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.

[32] National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.5 – 16 km WSW of Sincik, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.

[33] National Earthquake Information Center. M 5.0 – 12 km NW of İskenderun, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.

[34] National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.8 – 14 km SE of Çağlayancerit, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.

[35] National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.6 – 12 km SE of Aşağı Karafakılı, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.

[36] National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.5 - 14 km SSW of Aşağı Karafakılı, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.

[37] National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.8 - 7 km SW of Pazarcık, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.

[38] National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.6 - Turkey-Syria border region. United States Geological Survey.

[39] National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.3 - Central Turkey. United States Geological Survey.

[40] National Earthquake Information Center. M 5.8 - 13 km SW of Doğanşehir, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.

[41] National Earthquake Information Center. M 5.7 - eastern Turkey. United States Geological Survey.

[42] National Earthquake Information Center. M 5.0 - 6 km W of Pazarcık, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.

[43] National Earthquake Information Center. M 5.2 - 20 km ESE of Göksun, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.

[44] National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.9 - 8 km N of Çağlayancerit, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.

[anss6.0-45] National Earthquake Information Center. M 6.0 - 5 km NE of Göksun, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.

[46] National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.8 - 7 km SSW of Nurhak, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.

[47] National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.9 - 9 km N of Çelikhan, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.

[48] National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.7 - 8 km N of Çelikhan, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.

[49] National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.5 - 13 km WSW of Darende, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.

[50] National Earthquake Information Center. M 5.0 - 3 km NNW of Nurhak, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.

[51] National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.9 - 20 km SW of Göksun, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.

[52] National Earthquake Information Center. M 5.1 - 3 km ENE of Kahramanmaraş, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.

[53] National Earthquake Information Center. M 5.0 - 7 km SE of Nurhak, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.

[54] National Earthquake Information Center. M 5.3 - 12 km NE of Gölbaşı, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.

[55] National Earthquake Information Center. M 5.2 - 15 km NNW of Çelikhan, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.

[56] National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.8 - 10 km E of Göksun, Turkey. United States Geological Survey.

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