Lankide:PesadaProgre/Proba orria

Wikipedia, Entziklopedia askea

Tamaina[aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

Tasmaniako deabrua bizirik irauten duen martsupial haragijalerik handiena da. Gizonak emakumeak baino handiagoak izan ohi dira, eta batez beste 652 mm luze izaten dira burua eta gorputza (25,7), 258 mm-ko isatsa (10,2) eta 8 kg (18 lb). Emeek, batez beste, 570 mm-ko luzera dute buruan eta gorputzean (22an), 244 mm-ko isatsa (9,6an) eta 6 kg-ko pisua (13 lb),[30], nahiz eta Tasmaniako mendebaldeko deabruak txikiagoak izan ohi diren.

Size range[aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

55-65 cm head to tail; 24-25cm tail. Stand about 30cm high from the shoulder[1]

Size[aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

The real Tasmanian devil doesn't really resemble the famous cartoon character. It isn't the same size as humans, for example. Nor does it storm through its surroundings like a swirling tornado. The Tasmanian devil is just 20 to 31 inches (51 to 79 centimeters) tall and weighs only 9 to 26 lbs. (4 to 12 kilograms).[2]

Identification[aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

The Tasmanian devil is the world’s largest surviving carnivorous marsupial. Having the appearance of a small dog, it is characterized by its black fur and white markings on the chest and some times rump. Their stocky nature is accentuated by their short muzzle and limbs.[1]

Gorputza[aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

Lauki bat du, eraikuntza lodi bat, buru handi bat eta isats bat, gorputzaren luzeraren erdia, gutxi gorabehera. Normalean, martsupial batentzat, aurrealdeko hankak atzeko hankak baino luzexeagoak izaten dira, eta deabruek 13 km/h-ko abiadura har dezakete (8,1 mph) distantzia laburretarako.

Marka horiek iradokitzen dutenez, deabrua aktiboagoa da egunsentian eta ilunabarrean, eta uste da eraso morteroak erakartzen dituela gorputzeko eremu ez hain garrantzitsuetara, deabruen arteko borrokak, sarritan, orbainak pilatzera eramaten baitu eskualde horretan. [31] Deabruek bost hatz luze dituzte aurreko hanketan, lau aurrera begira eta bat alde batetik irteten, eta horrek deabruari janaria mantentzeko gaitasuna ematen dio. Atzeko oinek lau hatz dituzte, eta deabruek atzapar ez-erretraktilak dituzte. [27] Deabru burokratoek masa zentro txiki samarra dute.

Deabruak gorputzeko koipea gordetzen du isatsean, eta deabru osasungarriek koipe-kolak dituzte. [37] Isatsa, neurri handi batean, ez da prentsila, eta garrantzitsua da haren fisiologiarako, gizarte-portaerarako eta lokomoziorako. Kontrapisu gisa jokatzen du, deabrua azkar mugitzen denean egonkortasunari laguntzeko. [38] Buztanaren oinarrian, usain anogenitaleko guruina erabiltzen da animaliaren atzeko lurzorua usain sendo eta sarkorrarekin markatzeko. [39] Arrak kanpoko barrabilak ditu sabelaren alboetako tolestura bentrokuralez osatutako poltsa motako egitura batean, eta zati batean ezkutatzen eta babesten ditu. Barrabilak sasoiko subobakioak dira eta ar helduen 30 barrabilen batez besteko neurriak 3,17 cm × 2,57 cm (1,25 in × 1,01 in) izan ziren.

Poltsa[aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

Emearen poltsa atzerantz irekitzen da eta bizitza osoan egoten da, beste dasyurid batzuek ez bezala.

Ilaje eta kolorazioa[aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

Ilajea beltza izaten da, sarritan adabaki zuri irregularrekin bularrean eta protuberantzian (deabru basatien %16k, gutxi gorabehera, ez dute adabaki zuririk).

Tasmanian devils glow under ultraviolet light [3][aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

In December last year, we found out that a whole lot of Aussie mammals, from wombats to platypuses, glow under ultraviolet light. And it made for some very cool images. Toledo Zoo in Ohio decided to test whether it was the same case for their captive population of Tasmanian devils, and it worked. “In the case of the Tasmanian devil, the skin around their snout, eyes and inner ear absorbs ultraviolet light and then re-emits it as blue visible light,” it posted to its Facebook page. “It is unclear whether this instance of biofluorescence serves any ecological purpose or is simply happenstance.” While this type of bioluminescence is common in marine animals and insects, it had never previously been recorded in mammals. Exactly what its purpose is is yet to be distinguished. “Now that researchers are looking into this more closely, it means we could be discovering a whole new sensory realm of communication that we weren’t aware of,” Tasmanian devil expert Menna Jones told the ABC at the time of the discovery.

Burua[aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

Hortzeria[aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

Tasmaniako deabruak hozkada boteretsuena du edozein ugaztun biziren haragijaleren tamainari dagokionez, 181eko hozka-zatidura batekin eta txakurren hozka-indarra eginez. Baraila 75 gradutara ireki daiteke, eta deabruak energia kantitate handia sortzeko aukera ematen du haragia urratzeko eta hezurrak zanpatzeko. Indar hori nahikoa da alanbre metaliko lodiaren bidez hozka egiteko. Masailezurren potentzia, neurri batean, buru handi samarrak eragiten du. Tasmaniako deabruen hortzak eta barailak hienetakoen antzekoak dira; hortz konbergenteen adibide bat evolution.Dasyurid jatorrizko martsupialen antzekoak dira.

Dasyurid guztiek bezala, deabruak kanino irtenak eta masail-hortzak ditu. Beheko hiru ebakigailu pare eta goiko lau ebakigailu pare ditu. Horiek deabruaren txakurren frontearen goiko aldean daude mouth.Like, hortzak ditu, baina, txakurrek ez bezala, haien hortzak ez dira jaiotzaren ondoren ordezten, bizitza osoan zehar mantso hazten dira rate.It, "hortzeria erabat haragijalea eta hezurra kontsumitzeko egokitzapen trofikoak" dituzte. Deabruak atzapar luzeak ditu, gordelekuak zulatu eta lur azpiko janaria erraz bilatzeko eta harrapakinak edo lankideak gogor heltzeko.

Hortzei eta atzaparraren indarrari esker, 30 kg-rainoko (66 lb) umpei eraso egiten die deabruak. Deabruari indarra ematen dioten lepo handiak eta lehen gorputzak ere indar hori gorputzaren aurreko alderantz okertzen dute; horri esaten zaio deabruaren martxa desorekatua, baldarra eta urratua. [48]

Zentzumenak[aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

Deabruak irabiaki luzeak ditu aurpegian eta pikorretan buruaren goialdean. Iluntasunean janaria bilatzean harrapakinak aurkitzen laguntzen diote deabruari, eta jaten ari diren bitartean beste deabru batzuk hurbil daudenean antzematen laguntzen dute. Xuxurlak kokotsaren puntatik barailaren atzealderaino zabal daitezke, eta sorbaldako argia estal dezakete. Entzumena da nagusi, eta usaimenaren zentzu bikaina ere badu, kilometro bateko tartea duena (0,6 ml). Deabruak, beste martsupialek ez bezala, "behar bezala definitutako armazoi formako ektotinpanikoa" du.

Deabruek gauez ehizatzen dutenez, haien ikusmena indartsuagoa da zuri-beltzean. Kondizio horietan, erraz detekta ditzakete mugitzen ari diren objektuak, baina objektu geldikorrak ikusteko zailtasunak dituzte.

Ekologia[aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

Banaketa geografikoa[aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

Tasmaniako deabruak Tasmania kontinentalean eta Robbins uhartean soilik lortu du naturalki bizirautea, 90.758 kilometro karratuko azalerako habitatean.[2] Aurretiaz Australia kontinentalean ere aurkitu zitekeen, baina Holozeno berantiarreko iraungitzean Tasmaniako itxoekin batera desagertu ziren.[4] Arrasto fosilen arabera, duela 3.200 urte inguru desagertu zen.[5] Iraungipenaren arrazoiei dagokienez, hainbat hipotesi proposatu dira: dingoen sarrerak eragindako lehia,[6] gizakien ehiza teknologiaren garapena, baliabideen hustiaketa intentsiboagoa[7] eta aldaketa klimatikoa,[8][9] besteak beste.

Halaber, 2020an 26 deabru Australiara birsartu ziren Aussie Ark erreserba naturalean, Hegoaldeko Gales Berrian. Hala, deabruak kontinentera bueltatu ziren lehen aldiz azken 3.000 urteetan.[10] 2021. urteko apirilean, 7 joey edo martsupial kume jaio ziren.[11] 2022 amaierarako, beste 13 deabru berri jaio zirelarik.[12]

Tasmaniako irla-taldean 1000 irla baino gehiago biltzen dira, baina Tasmaniako deabrua ez da ingurune hauetan bizirauteko gai izan. Irla batzuetan azken bi mendeetan desagertu dira, giza populazioen zabalkuntzaren ondorioz:

- Flinders uhartea.[13]subfossils have been found on Flinders Island[1]

- Bruny uhartea.[13]

Horregatik azken hamarkadanetan birsartze proiektu edo saiakera ezberdinak egin dira:

- Maria Irla edo Wukaluwikiwayna. 2012. urtean 28 deabru eraman ziren Maria irlara, hurrengourteetan populazioaren hazkuntza argia behatu zelarik (90 banakoraino). Baina deabruen nagusitasunak uharteko zarigueia, pinguino eta gabaien populazioak zanpatu zituen.[14][15][16]

- Badger uhartea. 1996an uhartean deabruak ilegalki sartu ziren eta 2005ean atera ziren.[13][17]

Habitata[aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

Tasmanian gehienbat klima ozeanikoan aurkitzen da, gainontzeko ekozona australasiarreko hego ekialdean bezala, hostozabalen baso misto epelen bioma nagusitzen delarik. Uhartearen barnean hiru ekoeskualde bereizten dira: Tasmania Zentraleko Lur Garaien basoak, Tasmaniako baso epelak eta Tasmaniako oihan epelak.[18] Tasmaniako deabrua animalia oso mugikorra izanik, ekoeskualde guzti hauetan zehar bizi izan da, kostaldetik mendiguneetaraino zabalduz. [19][20][21][22]

Deabruak habitat ezberdin hauetan bizirauteko duen baldintza bakarra bere gordelekua sortzeko enbor hutsak, kobazuloak, arrok handiak edo zuloak edukitzea da. Bertan ezkutatu edo babesten direlarik.[1][22] Aipatzekoa da, egun gehienbat behatu daitezkeela kostaldeko txilardietan eta sarraskiak eratzen dituzten abeltzaintza guneetan. Deforestazioa edo habitaten zaztitzea eman den guneetan ez bezala, non ez diren hainbeste behatzen.[22]

Portaera[aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

Deabruak gautarrak dira, egunez haien gordelekuean lotan gelditzen direlarik. Ez dute urtaroen araberako portaera aldaketa nagusirik aurkezten, joey-ak zaintzen dituzten emeen mugimenduaren murrizpenaz beste.[2][23][24]

Historikoki animalia beldurgarri eta arriskutsua bezala deskribatu den arren, orohar espezie lasai, letrgiko eta lotsatia da.[25][26] Beldurtzen direnean berehalako haserrea erakutsi dezaketen arren, luzaroan eutsi ostean, erabat izoztirik geratzen dira.[25]

Tasmanian Devils-ek hainbat karga hartzen ditu, 1-3 egunetik behin den-ak aldatuz, eta gauez 8,6 km-ko batez besteko distantzia eginez (Pemberton, 1990). Hala ere, noizbehinka ikusi da indibiduoak 50 km ere mugitzen direla gau bakar batean (M. Jones pers. komm. ).

Etxeko gamak nabarmen gainditzen dira. Bi astetik lau astera bitartean, etxeen ohiko gama 13 km ² dela kalkulatzen da, 4-27 km ² (Pemberton 1990). Ugalketarako eme batzuk ehizalekutik kanpo harrapa daitezke (Badger Island, N. Mooney unpubliko).(red list)

When the devil feels threatened, it goes into a rage in which it growls, lunges and bares its teeth. It also makes otherworldly screams that can seem very devil-like. It may be due to this temper that the Tasmanian devil is a solitary creature.[2]

Other behaviours and adaptations[1][aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

Devils are nocturnal who spend their nights roaming great distances (up to 16 km) in search of food. During the day they hide in their den or in dense bush land. Devils are not territorial but they do have a home range. Devils have a reputation for being aggressive due to their famous threatening gape and for the range of fierce noises they make. Most of these displays however are used as part of feeding rituals or produced through fear rather than aggression. Young devils are quite agile and can climb trees. They are also spend a lot of time in playing with each other which involves wrestling, biting, chewing and creating a lot of noise. This kind of behaviour will be put in to practice at meal times as adult devils.

Ehiza eta dieta[aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

p. 11-14 [25]

Tasmanian Devils orotariko harraparitzat eta sarraskijale espezializatutzat hartzen da; harrapakinek tamaina handiko ugaztunak hartzen dituzte batez ere, nahiz eta ornogabe handiak jaten dituzten, hala nola bogge-babak (Agrotis infusa) eta ornodun hil ornodunen gorpuak. Hori dela eta, lambing, salda edo wallaby (Guilge) tiroak egiten ari dira nagusi. Tasmanian Devils-ek bakarrik eta aktiboki bilatzen ditu 20 kg arteko presak (Bennett-en Wallabies, Macropus rufogriseus rufogriseus, eta Común Wombats, Vombattus ursinus), segada eta abiadura txikiko jazarpenen konbinazioa erabiliz. (red list)

Feeding and Diet[aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

Tasmanian Devils are mainly scavengers feeding upon the carcasses of dead animals but can also be effective predators. Their source of food includes wallabies, small mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and insects. In farming areas they are also known to feed upon the carcasses of sheep and cattle. Their powerful jaws and teeth enable them to entirely devour their food including bones and fur. They are particularly renowned for their noisy communal eating during which use noise and threatening physical displays to assert dominance amongst the pack.[1]

Diet[aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

The Tasmanian devil is the world's largest carnivorous marsupial, according to National Geographic. Most of the time, they eat birds, snakes, fish and insects. Often, they feast on dead carcasses, called carrion. Sometimes, many devils converge on one carcass, and fighting ensues. When they have a meal, Tasmanian devils don't waste any part of the animal; they eat the bones, hair, organs and muscle of their prey.[2]

Kontserbazioa[aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

Oso epe laburrean, Tasmaniako deabruen populazioa azkar jaitsi da. 1992an, espezie hori espezie arrunt (Strahan 1992) eta egonkor (IUCN 1992) gisa deskribatu zen, eta ez zen sailkatu Estatuan edo Espainian mehatxatutako espezie gisa. 2006an, lehen aldiz, Estatuan, Zaurgarria zela esan zen, eta 2009an Arriskuan zegoela, biztanleria etengabe gutxitzen ari zelako (TSSC 2009). Tasmaniako deabrua arriskuan dago Tasmanian 2008an. (Berreskuratze-plana, 2010)

Tasmaniako deabruak galzorian daude, IUCNren Zerrenda Gorriak 2008an egindako azken ebaluazioaren arabera.[27][28]

Lehen Australian ere bazeuden, baina, ganadua eta oiloak jaten zituela uste zutenez, bertako nekazariek ez zioten estimu handirik; beraz, denak akabatu zituzten. Gerora jakin da hildako animaliak, muskerrak, karraskariak eta beste animalia txiki batzuk jaten dituela gehienbat.

1990eko hamarkadaren bukaeran 150.000 deabru zeuden Tasmanian. Orduz geroztik, minbizi larri batek deabruen populazioa erdira jaitsi du. Gaixotasun honek deabruen ahoa, lepoa eta aurpegia erasotzen ditu. Ez da gaixotasun horren jatorria ezagutzen, baina ugalketa eta abarretan, beren artean kutsatzen dela uste da. Ikerlariak gaixotasun hau kontrolatu nahian dabiltza. Horretarako, deabruak beste leku batera eraman dituzte, eta osasuntsu daudenak berrogeialdian mantentzen dituzte, populazio hori desager ez dadin. Animalia hauek egokitu egin dira denboran zehar: XX. mendean ia desagertu arte ehizatu zituzten arren, aurrera egitea lortu zuten. Lagunduz gero, arazo hau gainditu eta bizirik irauteko aukera izango dute.

2009ko maiatzean desagertzeko mehatxu larrian dagoen espezie izendatu zuten.

inkesta estandarizatuek erakusten dutenez, Tasmaniako deabruen munduko populazioa %60 baino gehiago jaitsi da azken 10 urteotan (Hawkins et al.). 2006, McCallum et al. 2007). Ikerketen arabera, gaixotasun infekzioso bat, ezinbestean hilgarria dena, Deabruaren Aurpegiko Tumorearen Gaixotasuna (GFD) da gutxitzearen erantzulea. Gaur egun, deabruaren gama geografiko gehienetan gertatzen da (zenbatetsitakoaren% 60), eta tasa aldakorretara hedatzen jarraitzen du (kokapenaren arabera) 7-50 km/eta (McCallum et al.). 2007). Freycinet-eko Parke Nazionalean gehien ikertutako biztanleen Mark-recapture-ren datuen arabera, biztanleen guztizko tamaina %30 murriztu zen gaixotasuna iritsi eta lehenengo 3 urteetan, eta helduen populazioa %50 jaitsi zen urtean (Lachish eta beste zenbait). 2007). Emaitza horien bi proiekzioek eta eredu epidemiologiko batek toki horretan gaixotasuna iritsi eta 10 urtera iraungitzea aurreikusten dute (McCallum et al. 2007). Bigarren lekuan, Mt William, non DFTDren zeinuak duela 10 urte lehen aldiz jaso baitziren, mark-recapture-ren metodoek 10 urtean %90eko murrizketa aurreikusten dute. Deabruaren ugaritasuna gutxitu ahala, ez dago frogarik gaixotasunaren prebalentzia edo populazioaren murrizketa-tasa murriztu denik. Gaur egungo informazioari dagokionez, beraz, datozen 10 urteetan biztanleriaren %90 gutxienez gutxitzea aurreikusten dugu, egun gaixotasunak okupatzen duen deabruaren banaketaren %60an zehar, gaixotasunaren banaketan 100 km gutxienez. Oro har, horrek beste murrizketa bat ekarriko luke (% 50etik gorakoa, jada ikusia),% 70ekoa, gutxienez, hurrengo 10 urteetan, eta tokiko suntsipen orokorrak.Gainbeheraren zergatia ulertzen den arren, ez da amaitu, eta haren ondorioak ezin dira egungo ezagutzekin itzuli.

Legedia[29][aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

Australia’s failed national environment law. The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (the EPBC) is Australia’s national environment law. It has a very important job. The EPBC is meant to stop threats to important habitat for threatened species like the Tasmanian devil, koala, platypus and Leadbeater's possum, safeguard our natural places and ensure all governments work together to protect Australia’s environment and natural diversity of life.

If we had strong national environment laws, the Bramble Cay melomys would still be here. The government failed to fund the recovery plan that should have saved it from the effects of climate change.

And following the devastating 2019-2020 bushfire season, even animals like the relatively common sugar glider could be under threat having lost so much habitat. Now more than ever we need to stop major threats to forests and habitat like logging and deforestation.

Yet our current protections and laws leave many of Australia's animals facing extinction. The Government is required to review the EPBC every ten years, which it did in 2019-2020. As part of the process, we sought to get as many community submissions as possible made into this review, to tell the Government that we expect strong new nature laws. Many of our supporters have added their voices and stories about why nature is important to them by making a public submission to the review.

Meet the people who made their voices heard

They're people like Annie from Brisbane, who used her community group training to generate 26 submissions from her community on the review of the EPBC Act. The Wilderness Society also made a submission outlining the essential changes required to the EPBC Act if it is to serve its purpose protecting Australia's wildlife and wilderness.

Conservation Status[1][aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

Tasmanian Devils are wholly protected. They are listed as ‘endangered’ under Tasmania’s Threatened Species Protection Act 1995 (May 2008);[30] the Commonwealth’s Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (May 2009)[31][32] and are placed on the Red List of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (2008).

In the past numbers were controlled by the availability of food and loss of habitat but the greatest current threat for devils is the Devil Facial Tumour Disease (DFTD). This fatal condition is characterised by facial tumours and is one of only three contagious cancers ever recorded. It is believed to be transmitted from devil to devil through biting.

Conservation status[2]

According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List of Threatened Species, Tasmanian devils are endangered, and their population numbers are declining. In 2007, the IUCN estimated that the population may have been around 25,000 adults.

The Tasmanian devil's population has declined by at least 60 percent since 2001 due to a cancer called devil facial tumor disease (DFTD). DFTD causes tumors to form on the devil's facial area, making it difficult for them to eat. Eventually, the animal starves to death. The Save the Tasmanian Devil Program is an initiative created by the Australian and Tasmanian governments to save the animals from DFTD.

Conservation Status[33][aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

At one time, Tasmanian devils were thought to be in danger of extinction due to persecution by settlers and destruction of forest habitat. Populations stabilized, and may have increased with the increased availability of carrion in rangelands. In recent years many populations of Tasmanian devil have been devastated by a new, usually lethal, cancer-like disease that is spreading rapidly throughout Tasmania. There is some evidence that this disease is not new, but is endemic to Tasmanian devils. Historical record and epidemiological modeling suggest that this epidemic may cycle through Tasmanian devil populations at 77-146 year intervals. Although this has no resulted in extinction in the past, the effect of additional, human-associated threats may pose a grave threat to the persistence of Tasmanian devil populations. Tasmanian devils are protected in Tasmania. (Bradshaw and Brook, 2005; DPIWE, Nature Conservation Branch, 2005; Nowak, 1991)

Kontserbazio esfortzuak[aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

Devils in Australia[34] Monarto safari park

As a conservation charity, we’re proud to have bred more than 40 Tasmanian Devils since 2006, providing a vital lifeline to this endangered species.

Endangered in the wild, there has been a devastating decline of about 80 to 90 per cent  in the Tasmanian Devil population since the mid-90s due to the presence of Devil Facial Tumour Disease.

At Monarto Zoo, we work with several other Australian zoos to ensure there is an insurance population for the Tasmanian Devil in case there is no cure found for the cancerous facial tumour that is wiping out the native population.

In addition to breeding devils, Monarto Zoo has had four animals, which were either bred or housed at Monarto, successfully released back into the wild in Tasmania.

Wild Devil Recovery Project[35]

The project is comprised of four project elements: 1. North-east devil population assessment: This project will conduct a detailed assessment of the status and condition of the wild devil populations in the north-east of Tasmania. 2. Strategies to rebuild wild populations: This project will investigate strategies to rebuild diseased devil populations, including augmenting long-term diseased populations. 3. Field trials of immunisation viability in devils: This project will involve assessing the performance of devils, immunised to devil facial tumour disease (DFTD), released into a wild population. 4. Wild Devil Management: This project will bring the findings of the other projects together and apply them to a pilot scale demonstration of a Wild Devil Recovery Zone.

Bringing Devils Back into the Tasmanian Wild[36]

The Wild Devil Recovery Project is a joint initiative between the Menzies Institute for Medical Research and the Save the Tasmanian Devil Program (STDP) and is supported through funding from the Tasmanian Government.

Starting in 2013, Tasmanian devils are again being sent to zoos around the world as part of the Australian government's Save the Tasmanian Devil Program. The devil is an iconic symbol of Tasmania and many organisations, groups and products associated with the state use the animal in their logos.

The Save the Tasmanian Devil Program (STDP)[37] is the official response to the threat of extinction of the Tasmanian devil due to Devil Facial Tumour Disease (DFTD).

The vision for the program is for an enduring and ecologically functional population of Tasmanian devils in the wild in Tasmania.

The STDP, an initiative of the Australian and Tasmanian governments, was established in 2003 following a national workshop of specialists on the decline of the Tasmanian devil due to DFTD.





The Tasmanian devil is the largest surviving carnivorous marsupial. It has a squat, thick build, with a large head and a tail which is about half its body length. Unusually for a marsupial, its forelegs are slightly longer than its hind legs, and devils can run up to 13 km/h (8.1 mph) for short distances. The fur is usually black, often with irregular white patches on the chest and rump (although approximately 16% of wild devils do not have white patches). These markings suggest that the devil is most active at dawn and dusk, and they are thought to draw biting attacks toward less important areas of the body, as fighting between devils often leads to a concentration of scars in that region. Males are usually larger than females, having an average head and body length of 652 mm (25.7 in), a 258 mm (10.2 in) tail and an average weight of 8 kg (18 lb). Females have an average head and body length of 570 mm (22 in), a 244 mm (9.6 in) tail and an average weight of 6 kg (13 lb), although devils in western Tasmania tend to be smaller. Devils have five long toes on their forefeet, four pointing to the front and one coming out from the side, which gives the devil the ability to hold food. The hind feet have four toes, and the devils have non-retractable claws. The stocky devils have a relatively low centre of mass.

Devils are fully grown at two years of age, and few devils live longer than five years in the wild. Possibly the longest-lived Tasmanian devil recorded was Coolah, a male devil which lived in captivity for more than seven years. Born in January 1997 at the Cincinnati Zoo, Coolah died in May 2004 at the Fort Wayne Children's Zoo. The devil stores body fat in its tail, and healthy devils have fat tails. The tail is largely non-prehensile and is important to its physiology, social behaviour and locomotion. It acts as a counterbalance to aid stability when the devil is moving quickly. An ano-genital scent gland at the base of its tail is used to mark the ground behind the animal with its strong, pungent scent. The male has external testes in a pouch-like structure formed by lateral ventrocrural folds of the abdomen, which partially hides and protects them. The testes are subovoid in shape and the mean dimensions of 30 testes of adult males was 3.17 cm × 2.57 cm (1.25 in × 1.01 in). The female's pouch opens backwards, and is present throughout its life, unlike some other dasyurids.

The Tasmanian devil has the most powerful bite relative to body size of any living mammalian carnivore, with a Bite Force Quotient of 181 and exerting a canine bite force of 553 N (56.4 kgf). The jaw can open to 75–80 degrees, allowing the devil to generate the large amount of power to tear meat and crush bones—sufficient force to allow it to bite through thick metal wire. The power of the jaws is in part due to its comparatively large head. The teeth and jaws of Tasmanian devils resemble those of hyenas, an example of convergent evolution. Dasyurid teeth resemble those of primitive marsupials. Like all dasyurids, the devil has prominent canines and cheek teeth. It has three pairs of lower incisors and four pairs of upper incisors. These are located at the top of the front of the devil's mouth. Like dogs, it has 42 teeth, however, unlike dogs, its teeth are not replaced after birth but grow continuously throughout life at a slow rate. It has a "highly carnivorous dentition and trophic adaptations for bone consumption". The devil has long claws that allow it to dig burrows and seek subterranean food easily and grip prey or mates strongly. The teeth and claw strength allow the devil to attack wombats up to 30 kg (66 lb) in weight. The large neck and forebody that give the devil its strength also cause this strength to be biased towards the front half of the body; the lopsided, awkward, shuffling gait of the devil is attributed to this.

The devil has long whiskers on its face and in clumps on the top of the head. These help the devil locate prey when foraging in the dark, and aid in detecting when other devils are close during feeding. The whiskers can extend from the tip of the chin to the rear of the jaw and can cover the span of its shoulder. Hearing is its dominant sense, and it also has an excellent sense of smell, which has a range of 1 kilometre (0.6 mi). The devil, unlike other marsupials, has a "well-defined, saddle-shaped ectotympanic". Since devils hunt at night, their vision seems to be strongest in black and white. In these conditions they can detect moving objects readily, but have difficulty seeing stationary objects.

Tasmanian devils are small marsupials with ratlike features, sharp teeth and coarse black or brown fur. Diminutive as it may be, don't be fooled: This creature has a fighting style that is quite intimidating. [2]

Other facts

The Tasmanian devil's front legs are longer than its back legs. Even though it is small, it has one of the most powerful bites in the animal world, due to its muscular jaw, according to National Geographic. Tasmanian devils store extra fat in their tails. Though awkward on the ground, Tasmanian devils are good tree climbers.

Additional resources

  • Australia Department of Parks, Water and Energy: Tasmanian Devils
  • Australian Parks and Wildlife Service: Tasmanian Devils
  • Save the Tasmanian Devil
  • University of Michigan Museum of Zoology: Tasmanian Devil

Scientific name: ​Sarcophilus harrisii[38]

The devil is a Tasmanian icon. It is the world's largest surviving carnivorous marsupial and its famous toothy gape and spine-chilling screeches set it apart from other wildlife.

Fossils show that devils once occurred on mainland Australia where it is believed they became extinct around 3,000 years ago. Confined to the island of Tasmania with Bass Strait separating them from predators and increasing aridity, devils thrived for some time. But life has not been easy for the devil since European settlement. It survived a bounty scheme introduced by the Van Diemen's Land Company in 1830 and a century of trapping and poisoning​.

Its survival in the wild is now under greater threat by the deadly facial tumour disease which has destroyed 80 per cent of the devil population. ​​The Save the Tasmanian Devil Program (STDP) is the official response to the threat of extinction of the Tasmanian devil due to Devil Facial Tumour Disease (DFTD).​ For more information on Devils, the disease and the work undertaken in the STDP, see the Program​'s website. The species is listed as endangered under the Tasmanian Threatened Species Protection Act 1995 and is wholly protected.

Devils are nocturnal and live in coastal heath, open dry sclerophyll forest, and mixed sclerophyll-rainforest. Generally they shelter by day and find food at night. Notable scavengers, they roam considerable distances in their quest for food. Devils completely devour their prey and are famous for their rowdy communal feeding at carcasses.  They eat a variety of insects, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.

Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) extinction on the Australian mainland in the mid-Holocene: multicausality and ENSO intensification. [39]

Based on a review here, the most recent Tasmanian devil remains on the mainland date from between 3000 and 4000 years BP in three isolated populations. A widely promulgated recent date within the last 500 years is rejected. Previous studies have found the arrival of the dingo (>3500 BP) to be the only suitable coincident extinction cause, although Aboriginal cultural changes have also been recently implicated. I propose that increased climate variability associated with the onset of the El Niño Southern Oscillation after 6000 BP and a subsequent intensification ca 3000 BP was also a causative factor. Other causes are not rejected, but rather all are placed within a multicausal model. Tasmanian devils are particularly susceptible to climate variability because they are the only specialised scavenger in Australia. Specialised scavengers are mostly limited by variability in the availability of carrion, and this would have increased significantly with ENSO. The fossil record (and persistence in Tasmania) indicates a range contraction of Tasmanian devils from the late Pleistocene onwards towards isolated refugia into those parts of the country least affected by ENSO related climate variability.

High-quality fossil dates support a synchronous, Late Holocene extinction of devils and thylacines in mainland Australia[40].

Physical Description[33][aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

Tasmanian devils are stocky with a brownish black pelage. They have a white throat patch, white spots on their sides and backside, and a pinkish snout. The head is massive with well developed jaw muscles. Molar teeth are heavy and adapted for their role in crushing bone and tearing through muscle and thick skin. Females are slightly smaller than males. Body size varies considerably with diet, habitat, and age. Large males may reach 12 kg and 30 cm at the shoulder. Total length ranges from 525 to 800 mm and tail length from 230-300 mm. Male weight ranges from 5.5 to 12 kg and female weight from 4.1 to 8.1 kg. Fat storage occurs in the tail, as in many dasyurids. Females have four mammae and, unlike many other dasyurids, the marsupial pouch is completely closed when breeding. (DPIWE, Nature Conservation Branch, 2005; Nowak, 1991)

  • Other Physical Features
  • endothermic
  • homoiothermic
  • bilateral symmetry
  • Sexual Dimorphism
  • male larger
  • Range mass
    4 to 12 kg
    8.81 to 26.43 lb
    Range length
525 to 800 mm
20.67 to 31.50 in

Herri kulturan[41][aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

Two representations have dominated public perceptions of the largest living marsupial carnivore, the Tasmanian devil. One is the voracious, hurricane-like innocent savage Taz of Looney Tunes cartoon fame. The other, familiar in nineteenth- and twentieth-century rural Tasmania, is the ferocious predator and scavenger that wantonly kills livestock — and perhaps even people, should they become immobilized in the wilderness at night. Devils can take prey nearly three times their size and eat more than a third of their body weight in a sitting. Even so, it is hard to imagine how this species, being only slightly larger than a fox terrier, could be so maligned in name and image.

Gaixotasunak[42][aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

Deabruaren aurpegi-tumore gaixotasuna (ingelesez: Devil facial tumour disease, DFTD).[43]

Devil facial tumour disease (DFTD) is a transmissable cancer that affects Tasmanian devils and has substantially depleted their population, rasing concern that the species faces extinction. However, a new study offers some hope. Epstein et al. report that three populations of Tasmanian devil are exhibiting immune-modulated resistance to DFTD owing to modifications in certain genomic regions that may overcome immune suppression (which is how DFTD spreads between individuals). The selective pressure imposed by DFTD may therefore be encouraging its own undoing.


Devil Facial Tumour Disease (DFTD) [44]

DFTD is an infectious cancer that is restricted to Tasmanian Devils. It was first observed in 1996 and is identified by lesions around a Tasmanian Devil’s mouth and head. Small lesions in and around the mouth rapidly develop into large tumours primarily on the face and neck. The cancer is transmitted from devil to devil through biting during fighting or mating (Hamede et al., 2008). Infected devils usually die from starvation (as they find it difficult to eat) and the breakdown of bodily functions. Tasmanian Devils with the disease usually die within three to eight months of the lesions first appearing (DPIW, 2008a). There are currently sixty three different locations confirmed positive for DFTD across 39 500 km2 of eastern and central Tasmania. This represents more than 60% of Tasmania and there is evidence of continued geographical spread of the disease, which is predicted to cover the whole of Tasmania within the next 3-20 years (McCallum et al., 2007). It is estimated that this disease has led to a decline of as much as 64% of the Tasmanian Devil population since the first report of DFTD in 1996. This data has been obtained from spotlighting surveys of Tasmanian Devils across their core historical range, the eastern half of Tasmania, and the northwest region near the coast (DPIW, unpublished data, 2008b). DFTD is associated with local population declines of up to 95% in areas where the disease is present (DPIW, unpublished data, 2008b; Hawkins et al., 2006; McCallum, et al., 2007). These declines were most pronounced in areas where the disease was reported earliest, such as north-eastern and central eastern Tasmania (Hawkins et al., 2006). Consequently, all populations affected by DFTD may have or will be subject to population declines of up to 95% within a ten year period (DPIW, unpublished data, 2008b). DFTD persists in very low population densities and relies on frequency-dependent transmission suggesting it is likely to cause the extinction of the Tasmanian Devil (McCallum, 2008; McCallum et al., submitted; DPIW, unpublished data, 2008b). Current modelling indicates that there is a strong possibility that the Tasmanian Devil will be extinct within a timeframe of approximately 25-35 years, if trends in DFTD spread and population decline continues (McCallum et al., 2007).

Cancer[45]

The Tasmanian devil (pictured), long beleaguered by a deadly and contagious form of face cancer, is slated to be listed as an endangered species this week.

A spokeswoman for Tasmania’s primary industries minister says that the animal will be listed as an endangered species by state officials on 21 May.

The carnivorous marsupial, which was once hunted for food and to protect livestock, was first protected by law in 1941, and listed as vulnerable in 2006. Cancer is thought to have cut the population by up to one-half between 1995 and 2005.

Cathelicidins in the Tasmanian devil (Antimicrobial peptides;prior to the development of their adaptive immune system).[46]

Tasmanian devil joeys, like other marsupials, are born at a very early stage of development, prior to the development of their adaptive immune system, yet survive in a pathogen-laden pouch and burrow. Antimicrobial peptides, called cathelicidins, which provide innate immune protection during early life, are expressed in the pouch lining, skin and milk of devil dams. These peptides are active against pathogens identified in the pouch microbiome. Of the six characterised cathelicidins, Saha-CATH5 and 6 have broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and are capable of killing problematic human pathogens including methicillin-resistant S. aureus and vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis, while Saha-CATH3 is active against fungi. Saha-CATH5 and 6 were toxic to human A549 cells at 500 μg/mL, which is over seven times the concentration required to kill pathogens. The remaining devil cathelicidins were not active against tested bacterial or fungal strains, but are widely expressed throughout the body, such as in immune tissues, in digestive, respiratory and reproductive tracts, and in the milk and pouch, which indicates that they are likely also important components of the devil immune system. Our results suggest cathelicidins play a role in protecting naive young during pouch life by passive immune transfer in the milk and may modulate pouch microbe populations to reduce potential pathogens.


POPULATION CHANGES/EVOLUTION/GENETICS

No evidence of inbreeding depression in a Tasmanian devil insurance population despite significant variation in inbreeding.[47]

Inbreeding depression occurs when inbred individuals experience reduced fitness as a result of reduced genome-wide heterozygosity. The Tasmanian devil faces extinction due to a contagious cancer, devil facial tumour disease (DFTD). An insurance metapopulation was established in 2006 to ensure the survival of the species and to be used as a source population for re-wilding and genetic rescue. The emergence of DFTD and the rapid decline of wild devil populations have rendered the species at risk of inbreeding depression. We used 33 microsatellite loci to (1) reconstruct a pedigree for the insurance population and (2) estimate genome-wide heterozygosity for 200 individuals. Using heterozygosity-fitness correlations, we investigated the effect of heterozygosity on six diverse fitness measures (ulna length, asymmetry, weight-at-weaning, testes volume, reproductive success and survival). Despite statistically significant evidence of variation in individual inbreeding in this population, we found no associations between inbreeding and any of our six fitness measurements. We propose that the benign environment in captivity may decrease the intensity of inbreeding depression, relative to the stressful conditions in the wild. Future work will need to measure fitness of released animals to facilitate translation of this data to the broader conservation management of the species in its native range.


Genome of the Tasmanian tiger provides insights into the evolution and demography of an extinct marsupial carnivore.[48]

The Tasmanian tiger or thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus) was the largest carnivorous Australian marsupial to survive into the modern era. Despite last sharing a common ancestor with the eutherian canids ~160 million years ago, their phenotypic resemblance is considered the most striking example of convergent evolution in mammals. The last known thylacine died in captivity in 1936 and many aspects of the evolutionary history of this unique marsupial apex predator remain unknown. Here we have sequenced the genome of a preserved thylacine pouch young specimen to clarify the phylogenetic position of the thylacine within the carnivorous marsupials, reconstruct its historical demography and examine the genetic basis of its convergence with canids. Retroposon insertion patterns placed the thylacine as the basal lineage in Dasyuromorphia and suggest incomplete lineage sorting in early dasyuromorphs. Demographic analysis indicated a long-term decline in genetic diversity starting well before the arrival of humans in Australia. In spite of their extraordinary phenotypic convergence, comparative genomic analyses demonstrated that amino acid homoplasies between the thylacine and canids are largely consistent with neutral evolution. Furthermore, the genes and pathways targeted by positive selection differ markedly between these species. Together, these findings support models of adaptive convergence driven primarily by cis-regulatory evolution.

Bizi zikloa[aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

Life-cycle (red list)

The Tasmanian Devil is promiscuous and breeds once a year during February to June (Hesterman et al. 2008; M. Jones pers. comm., Save the Tasmanian Devil Program unpubl.). In earlier studies the mating season was found to occur over a much shorter period, primarily during February-March (Guiler 1970b; D. Pemberton pers. comm.).

The majority of individuals mature at two years old; in DFTD-free areas, 5-10% of females typically mature at one year (Guiler 1970b; Hughes 1982; Pemberton 1990; Jones et al. in review; Hesterman et al., in prep.).

Reproductive success is high in wild, non-diseased populations, with nearly all females of breeding age (2-4) bringing the full complement (n = 4) of pouched young through to weaning (Pemberton 1990; H. Hesterman unpubl.). Success to maturity of post-weaning individuals is unknown.

Tasmanian Devils are thought to breed and raise their young in traditional dens (Owen and Pemberton 2005), but new sites (e.g. under buildings) are also used.

Longevity in the wild is 5-6 years (Guiler 1978; Jones 2001; Jones et al. in press). The sum effect of mortality and emigration at Mount William (pre-disease) was estimated as 80% between the first and second year, followed by 20% in subsequent years (Pemberton 1990).

Increased contact between individuals in breeding season results in higher injury rates as a result of intra/inter-sexual aggression. DFTD is thought most likely to be most easily transmitted between Tasmanian Devils through biting (AUSVET 2005; Pearse and Swift 2006; Hamede 2007), therefore this is a time of higher potential for disease spread.

Offspring[2][aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

Tasmanian devils typically mate once a year in March. Mother devils have a gestation period of around three weeks, and the babies are born in April. She will have up to 50 young at once. The young, called imps, are pink and hairless and only about the size of a grain of rice, according to the San Diego Zoo.

At birth, the imps must race to the mother's pouch, where they compete for one of her four teats. Only those four will have a chance of surviving; the others will die due to malnourishment.

Babies stay in their pouch for four months. Once they come out, they are weaned, and the mother will carry the imps on her back. By eight to nine months, the imps are fully grown. Tasmanian devils live five to eight years.  

Mating and reproduction[1][aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea]

Tasmanian Devils mature in their second year and usually mate in March. After a gestation period of 21 days the females give birth to between 20 and 30 young called 'Joeys'. Since the mother only has four teats, most young will not survive. Mothers carry the young in a rear-facing pouch for about 4 months. After this period, the young are left in a den (often hollow logs) until they are fully weaned at 5-6 months.





  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h (Ingelesez) News, Opening Hours Mon-Wed: 9am-9pm Thurs-Sun: 9am-5pm Address 1 William StreetSydney NSW 2010 Australia Phone +61 2 9320 6000 www australian museum Copyright © 2024 The Australian Museum ABN 85 407 224 698 View Museum. «Tasmanian Devil» The Australian Museum (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-29).
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h (Ingelesez) published, Alina Bradford. (2014-10-24). «Facts About Tasmanian Devils» livescience.com (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-29).
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  4. ↑ (Ingelesez) White, Lauren C.; Saltré, Frédérik; Bradshaw, Corey J. A.; Austin, Jeremy J.. (2018-01). «High-quality fossil dates support a synchronous, Late Holocene extinction of devils and thylacines in mainland Australia» Biology Letters 14 (1): 20170642.  doi:10.1098/rsbl.2017.0642. ISSN 1744-9561. PMID 29343562. PMC PMC5803592. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-29).
  5. ↑ (Ingelesez) News, Opening Hours Mon-Wed: 9am-9pm Thurs-Sun: 9am-5pm Address 1 William StreetSydney NSW 2010 Australia Phone +61 2 9320 6000 www australian museum Copyright © 2024 The Australian Museum ABN 85 407 224 698 View Museum. «Tasmanian Devil» The Australian Museum (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-29).
  6. ↑ Corbett L. 1995. The dingo in Australia and Asia. Sydney, Australia: University of New South Wales Press.
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  8. ↑ (Ingelesez) Brown, Oliver J. F.. (2006-01). «Tasmanian devil ( Sarcophilus harrisii ) extinction on the Australian mainland in the mid-Holocene: multicausality and ENSO intensification» Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 30 (sup1): 49–57.  doi:10.1080/03115510609506855. ISSN 0311-5518. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-29).
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  10. ↑ «Tasmanian devils return to mainland Australia for first time in 3,000 years» web.archive.org 2020-10-06 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-29).
  11. ↑ (Ingelesez) «Birth of Tassie devils could be first step to having them back on mainland after 3,000 years» ABC News 2021-05-27 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-29).
  12. ↑ (Ingelesez) Clark, Craig. (2023-02-09). «CATCH THEM IF YOU CAN!» Aussie Ark (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-29).
  13. ↑ a b c «Draft Recovery Plan for the Tasmanian Devil | Department of Natural Resources and Environment Tasmania» nre.tas.gov.au (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-30).
  14. ↑ (Ingelesez) «On this island, Tasmanian devils are safe from disease — but their survival has meant hell for others» ABC News 2021-06-22 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-30).
  15. ↑ Scoleri, Vincent P.; Johnson, Christopher N.; Vertigan, Peter; Jones, Menna E.. (2020-08-01). «Conservation trade-offs: Island introduction of a threatened predator suppresses invasive mesopredators but eliminates a seabird colony» Biological Conservation 248: 108635.  doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108635. ISSN 0006-3207. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-30).
  16. ↑ (Ingelesez) Tasmanian devils devastate penguin population on Australian island. 2021-06-21 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-30).
  17. ↑ Greer, Allen. (2018). The Tasmanian Devil. Biology, Facial Tumour Disease and Conservation.
  18. ↑ (Ingelesez) «East Australian Temperate Forests & Mountain Shrublands (AU3)» One Earth (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-30).
  19. ↑ (Ingelesez) «Tasmanian Central Highland Forests» One Earth (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-30).
  20. ↑ (Ingelesez) «Tasmanian Temperate Forests» One Earth (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-30).
  21. ↑ (Ingelesez) «Tasmanian Temperate Rainforests» One Earth (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-30).
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  23. ↑ Pemberton, D. 1990. Social organisation and behaviour of the Tasmanian devil, Sarcophilus harrisii. University of Tasmania.
  24. ↑ Pemberton, D. and Renouf, D. 1993. A field study of communication and Social behavior of the Tasmanian devil at feeding sites. Australian Journal of Zoology 41: 507-526.
  25. ↑ a b c Owen, David. (2005). Tasmanian devil. Allen & Unwin ISBN 978-1-74114-368-3. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-30).
  26. ↑ (Ingelesez) Owen, David; Pemberton, David. (2011). Tasmanian Devil: A unique and threatened animal. Allen & Unwin ISBN 978-1-74269-276-0. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-30).
  27. ↑ Tasmanian Devil. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Specie ISSN 2307-8235..
  28. ↑ (Ingelesez) Jirik, Kate. «LibGuides: Tasmanian Devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) Fact Sheet: Population & Conservation Status» ielc.libguides.com (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-31).
  29. ↑ (Ingelesez) «Nature laws that work» Wilderness Society (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-30).
  30. ↑ «View - Tasmanian Legislation Online» www.legislation.tas.gov.au (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-30).
  31. ↑ scheme=AGLSTERMS. AglsAgent; corporateName=Climate Change, Energy. (2023-12-15). Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. scheme=AGLSTERMS.AglsAgent; corporateName=Office Parliamentary Counsel; address=Locked Bag 30 Kingston ACT 2604; contact=+61 2 6120 1400 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-30).
  32. ↑ (Ingelesez) Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act). Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water. Australian Goverment.
  33. ↑ a b (Ingelesez) Kinder, Tanya Dewey; Bridget Fahey; Almaz. «Sarcophilus harrisii (Tasmanian devil)» Animal Diversity Web (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-29).
  34. ↑ (Ingelesez) «Meet Monarto Zoo's newest Tasmanian Devil joeys!» Monarto Safari Park 2017-09-28 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-30).
  35. ↑ (Ingelesez) Australia, Atlas of Living. «Wild Devil Recovery Projects» Research Data Australia (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-30).
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  37. ↑ «Save the Tasmanian Devil Program | Department of Natural Resources and Environment Tasmania» nre.tas.gov.au (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-30).
  38. ↑ «Tasmanian devil | Parks & Wildlife Service Tasmania» parks.tas.gov.au (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-29).
  39. ↑ (Ingelesez) Brown, Oliver J. F.. (2006-01). «Tasmanian devil ( Sarcophilus harrisii ) extinction on the Australian mainland in the mid-Holocene: multicausality and ENSO intensification» Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 30 (sup1): 49–57.  doi:10.1080/03115510609506855. ISSN 0311-5518. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-29).
  40. ↑ (Ingelesez) White, Lauren C.; Saltré, Frédérik; Bradshaw, Corey J. A.; Austin, Jeremy J.. (2018-01). «High-quality fossil dates support a synchronous, Late Holocene extinction of devils and thylacines in mainland Australia» Biology Letters 14 (1): 20170642.  doi:10.1098/rsbl.2017.0642. ISSN 1744-9561. PMID 29343562. PMC PMC5803592. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-29).
  41. ↑ (Ingelesez) Phillips, Matthew J.. (2006-04). «Sympathy for the devil» Nature 440 (7088): 1115–1115.  doi:10.1038/4401115a. ISSN 1476-4687. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-29).
  42. ↑ (Ingelesez) Alderton, Gemma K.. (2016-10). «Evolving resistance in Tasmanian devils» Nature Reviews Cancer 16 (10): 617–617.  doi:10.1038/nrc.2016.103. ISSN 1474-1768. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-29).
  43. ↑ (Ingelesez) Murchison, Elizabeth P.; Schulz-Trieglaff, Ole B.; Ning, Zemin; Alexandrov, Ludmil B.; Bauer, Markus J.; Fu, Beiyuan; Hims, Matthew; Ding, Zhihao et al.. (2012-02). «Genome Sequencing and Analysis of the Tasmanian Devil and Its Transmissible Cancer» Cell 148 (4): 780–791.  doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.11.065. PMID 22341448. PMC PMC3281993. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-30).
  44. ↑ Beeton, Robert J. S. (2009). "Advice to the Minister for the Environment, Heritage and the Arts from the Threatened Species Scientific Committee (the Committee) on Amendment to the list of Threatened Species under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) Sarcophilus harrisii (Tasmanian Devil) Listing Advice" (PDF). Threatened Species Scientific Committee. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  45. ↑ (Ingelesez) «Cancer forces Tasmanian devil onto endangered list» Nature 453 (7194): 441–441. 2008-05-01  doi:10.1038/453441f. ISSN 1476-4687. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-29).
  46. ↑ (Ingelesez) Peel, E.; Cheng, Y.; Djordjevic, J. T.; Fox, S.; Sorrell, T. C.; Belov, K.. (2016-10-11). «Cathelicidins in the Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii)» Scientific Reports 6 (1)  doi:10.1038/srep35019. ISSN 2045-2322. PMID 27725697. PMC PMC5057115. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-29).
  47. ↑ (Ingelesez) Gooley, Rebecca; Hogg, Carolyn J.; Belov, Katherine; Grueber, Catherine E.. (2017-05-12). «No evidence of inbreeding depression in a Tasmanian devil insurance population despite significant variation in inbreeding» Scientific Reports 7 (1)  doi:10.1038/s41598-017-02000-y. ISSN 2045-2322. PMID 28500329. PMC PMC5431960. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-29).
  48. ↑ (Ingelesez) Feigin, Charles Y.; Newton, Axel H.; Doronina, Liliya; Schmitz, Jürgen; Hipsley, Christy A.; Mitchell, Kieren J.; Gower, Graham; Llamas, Bastien et al.. (2017-12-11). «Genome of the Tasmanian tiger provides insights into the evolution and demography of an extinct marsupial carnivore» Nature Ecology & Evolution 2 (1): 182–192.  doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0417-y. ISSN 2397-334X. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-29).
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